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<i>A'</i>

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Daniel Mendelsohn: There are
already people who think that

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every Jew who died in the
Holocaust died at Auschwitz,

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died in a concentration camp,
died in a gas chamber.

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No. There's whole chapters
of this story.

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<i>A'</i>

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Narrator: As hard as
Shmiel Jaeger had tried,

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he had been
unable to get himself,

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his wife Ester,
and his 4 daughters

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out of occupied Poland
to America.

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German troops had reached
his hometown of Bolechow

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in the summer of 1941.

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Within weeks, his daughter
Ruchele was murdered.

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<i>A'</i>

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That was only the beginning.

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<i>A'</i>

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Mendelsohn: There was
another roundup, which was

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the biggest roundup
in my family's town,

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2,500 people,
and my great-aunt Ester

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and the youngest girl,
Bronia, who was 13 at the time.

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They kept them,
this huge group of people,

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in the square
outside of the city hall,

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and there were a lot of
atrocities that took place,

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mostly against children.

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There were some Soviet documents
that had come to light,

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including a report,
and they listed

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all the children who had
been shot, and actually,

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Bronia was
the first child on the list.

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This was in September of 1942.

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You know, they were
throwing children

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off the balconies
of the city hall,

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really terrible stuff.

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Whoever survived the couple of
days of the roundup

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were shipped to Belzec,
and that's where

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my great-aunt Ester
died in the gas chambers.

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<i>A'</i>

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I was able to find out
that Shmiel was hiding

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with his
second daughter, Frydka,

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and that was because there was

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a Catholic Polish boy,
who was in love with her.

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And he was helping
to hide her in the home

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of this local school teacher.

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And that for
some unknown amount of time,

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they were being
successfully hidden,

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the father and the daughter,

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in an underground dugout

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until someone betrayed them.

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<i>A'</i>

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And they found them,
and they took them,

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and they shot them both,

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and then they killed
the school teacher, too.

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<i>A'</i>

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The oldest daughter Lorka
joined a partisan group

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that operated
with some Polish partisans

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in a nearby forest.

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She was killed when the whole
partisan group was wiped out.

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<i>A'</i>

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Except for
my poor great-aunt Ester,

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nobody was killed in a camp.

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They were killed in
all different ways,

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in all different manners,
and I think that already

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is being erased,

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the particularity
of what happened.

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<i>A'</i>

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Woman: Here's the tragedy.

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Millions of people
could not be rescued.

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They're in the hands
of the Germans.

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They're deep into
Eastern Europe.

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They're in Germany
and Austria and France,

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Belgium, Netherlands.

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<i>A'</i>

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But there were people
who had gotten to Portugal.

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Who had gotten to Spain.

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There are people who
eventually get to North Africa.

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If you had taken
more people from those places,

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maybe more refugees
could have come in.

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Maybe more people escaping
could have come in.

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Are we talking of rescues
of hundreds of thousands?

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No. But if it's your family,

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it doesn't matter if it's one.

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<i>A'</i>

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Narrator: Just before the United
States entered the Second World War,

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Germany had barred
the emigration of Jews

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from any country
it had captured.

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For them, occupied Europe
had now become a prison

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to which Adolf Hitler
held the key.

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<i>A'</i>

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Americans were still in
no mood to welcome immigrants.

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The anxiety about
alien subversion

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that preceded Pearl Harbor

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only intensified afterward.

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FDR declared the West Coast
a "military zone"

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and forced 120,000 persons
of Japanese descent

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who lived there
into internment camps.

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Most of them were citizens.

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<i>A'</i>

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The Justice Department
also interned thousands of

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so-called "enemy aliens"...
German and Italian immigrants

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suspected of fascist sentiments.

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<i>A'</i>

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"This war can end in two ways,"

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Hitler insisted in early 1942.

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"Either the extermination
of the Aryan peoples

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or the disappearance of Jewry
from Europe."

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<i>A'</i>

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Within a few months, the first
reports reached the American public

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that the Nazis had begun
systematically murdering

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every Jewish man, woman,
and child on the continent.

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<i>A'</i>

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Jewish-Americans and their
supporters pleaded that

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somehow, something be done
to stop the killing.

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But President Roosevelt and his
commanders were convinced

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that only by crushing the Nazis

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and winning the war
as soon as possible

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could the Allies put
an end to it.

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<i>A'</i>

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Lipstadt: The mantra was,

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we'll rescue these people
by winning the war.

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<i>A'</i>

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The problem was,
and many people knew this,

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and certainly within
government circles,

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by the time the war
would be won,

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very few of these people
would be alive.

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[Sizzling]

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But the dominant idea
in the American government

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is any act of rescue will be

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a diversion from the war effort.

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<i>A'</i>

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Both could've been done
at the same time.

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But clearly nobody
wanted these people.

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<i>A'</i>

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It's not one of the things
that will go down

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in the long annals
of good things America did.

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It goes in a different book.

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<i>A'</i>

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<i>A'</i>

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<i>A'</i>

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Girl: Writing in a diary
is a really strange experience

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for someone like me.

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Not only because I've never
written anything before,

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but also because
it seems to me that

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later on neither I
nor anyone else

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will be interested
in the musings of

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a 13-year-old schoolgirl.

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<i>A'</i>

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Oh, well, it doesn't matter.

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I feel like writing,
and I have an even greater need

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to get all kinds of things
off my chest.

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<i>A'</i>

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Narrator:
In Nazi-occupied Amsterdam,

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Otto and Edith Frank
struggled to provide

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as normal a life as possible
for their family.

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June 12, 1942 was their younger
daughter Anne's 13th birthday.

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Among her gifts was a diary

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that she was soon filling
with profiles of

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her classmates at
the Jewish Lyceum

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the Germans now required her
to attend...

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The girls she liked
and those she didn't,

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and the boys she liked

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and those who seemed
to like her.

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<i>A'</i>

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For the Franks and other
Jewish families...

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Including their neighbors,
the Geiringers,

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refugees from Austria...

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Life under the Nazis
was now anything but normal.

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<i>A'</i>

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Woman: The first few weeks,
nothing had much changed.

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And, so, we thought, "Oh, well,

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perhaps they don't want to do
anything in Holland."

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The Dutch people were
very typical, you know,

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they said, "You are,
you belong to us.

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"We are going to protect you.

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You don't have to
worry about anything."

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But they didn't really
count on the measures

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which the Germans were
going to take gradually.

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And the first year,
it became a nuisance.

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It interfered
with our way of life,

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but it was not dangerous.

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We were not allowed on public
transport, for instance.

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But we all had bicycles.

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But then you had to
hand in your bicycle.

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And then we had to wear
the yellow star,

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which means that people
walk in the street

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and are recognizable as Jews.

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And that started
to become really dangerous

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because people just disappeared.

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I didn't want to wear it.

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I was stubborn.
I said,

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"Well, I know I'm a Jew,

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why do I have to wear a star?"

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But everybody had ID cards.

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And on Jewish people ID card,

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it did say you were a Jew,

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or sometimes there was
even a "J" stamped on it.

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So, if you would have been
stopped without wearing a star,

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and they asked for your papers,

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you would have been
deported immediately.

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<i>A'</i>

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Girl as Anne Frank:
July 5, 1942.

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<i>A'</i>

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A few days ago, as we were

202
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taking a stroll around
our neighborhood square,

203
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Father began to talk about
going into hiding.

204
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<i>A'</i>

205
00:10:07,108 --> 00:10:08,734
He sounded so serious

206
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that I felt scared.

207
00:10:11,904 --> 00:10:14,698
"Don't you worry.
We'll take care of everything.

208
00:10:14,865 --> 00:10:18,452
Just enjoy your carefree life
while you can."

209
00:10:18,619 --> 00:10:20,162
<i>A'</i>

210
00:10:20,329 --> 00:10:23,541
That was it.
Oh, may these somber words

211
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not come true for
as long as possible.

212
00:10:26,627 --> 00:10:33,384
<i>A'</i>

213
00:10:33,551 --> 00:10:36,303
Narrator: The Frank family
was in constant danger,

214
00:10:36,470 --> 00:10:38,931
and so, they had been slowly
moving their belongings

215
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to an annex in the warehouse
at 263 Prinsengracht

216
00:10:43,936 --> 00:10:47,648
in which Otto Frank's business
was located.

217
00:10:47,815 --> 00:10:51,777
A few trusted Gentile employees
had agreed to help the Franks

218
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survive in hiding
when the time came.

219
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"We'll leave of our own accord

220
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and not wait to be
hauled away," Frank said.

221
00:11:00,286 --> 00:11:02,329
<i>A'</i>

222
00:11:02,496 --> 00:11:04,915
But then a registered
letter arrived.

223
00:11:05,082 --> 00:11:08,252
Anne's older sister
Margot... just 16...

224
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Was to be included
in the first group of

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00:11:10,546 --> 00:11:12,840
Jewish refugees in Holland
to be sent

226
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to work in a German labor camp.

227
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The Franks went into hiding
the next morning.

228
00:11:19,847 --> 00:11:21,473
Since Jews were now forbidden to

229
00:11:21,640 --> 00:11:24,476
ride on streetcars
or own bicycles,

230
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they were forced to carry their
remaining household items

231
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through the streets.

232
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[Rain falling, thunder]

233
00:11:30,649 --> 00:11:32,002
Girl as Anne Frank:
So, there we were,

234
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walking in the pouring rain,

235
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each of us with
a satchel and a shopping bag

236
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filled to the brim with the most
varied assortments of items.

237
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The people on their way
to work at that early hour

238
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gave us sympathetic looks;

239
00:11:47,583 --> 00:11:49,501
you could tell by their faces
they were sorry

240
00:11:49,668 --> 00:11:53,339
they couldn't offer us
some kind of transport;

241
00:11:53,505 --> 00:11:57,176
the conspicuous yellow star
spoke for itself.

242
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[Thunder]

243
00:11:59,011 --> 00:12:00,771
Narrator: The two floors
that Anne would call

244
00:12:00,930 --> 00:12:03,891
their "Secret Annex"
were accessible only by

245
00:12:04,058 --> 00:12:07,186
a single door
blocked by a bookcase

246
00:12:07,353 --> 00:12:09,688
and cramped even before
they were joined by

247
00:12:09,855 --> 00:12:12,650
4 more Jews in need
of a hiding place.

248
00:12:12,816 --> 00:12:15,110
<i>A'</i>

249
00:12:15,277 --> 00:12:17,029
The same week
the Franks disappeared,

250
00:12:17,196 --> 00:12:19,531
their friends
the Geiringers did, too...

251
00:12:19,698 --> 00:12:21,242
And for the same reason.

252
00:12:21,408 --> 00:12:23,827
Eva Geiringer's
older brother Heinz,

253
00:12:23,994 --> 00:12:26,205
like Margot Frank,
had been called up

254
00:12:26,372 --> 00:12:29,375
for what the Nazis called
"labor service."

255
00:12:29,541 --> 00:12:30,376
<i>A'</i>

256
00:12:30,542 --> 00:12:32,127
Geiringer: Heinz was 16,

257
00:12:32,294 --> 00:12:34,964
and my father called us
together one evening,

258
00:12:35,130 --> 00:12:36,423
and he said,

259
00:12:36,590 --> 00:12:38,300
"We are not going to send Heinz.

260
00:12:38,467 --> 00:12:39,467
It's too dangerous."

261
00:12:39,551 --> 00:12:41,387
<i>A'</i>

262
00:12:41,553 --> 00:12:43,698
Narrator: Members of the Dutch
Resistance had provided them

263
00:12:43,722 --> 00:12:46,558
with false papers
and places to hide.

264
00:12:46,725 --> 00:12:49,520
But the constant dread
of raids by the Gestapo

265
00:12:49,687 --> 00:12:53,148
forced the Geiringers
to temporarily split up.

266
00:12:53,315 --> 00:12:55,442
Eva was to hide with her mother,

267
00:12:55,609 --> 00:12:57,194
Heinz with their father.

268
00:12:57,361 --> 00:12:59,238
<i>A'</i>

269
00:12:59,405 --> 00:13:02,574
Geiringer: I started to cry.
I didn't want to be separated

270
00:13:02,741 --> 00:13:06,745
'cause I was very much attached
to my brother and father.

271
00:13:06,912 --> 00:13:11,458
And my father explained, "If
we're in two different places,

272
00:13:11,625 --> 00:13:17,047
"the chance that two of us
will survive is bigger.

273
00:13:17,214 --> 00:13:21,552
So, survive."
So, that was really,

274
00:13:21,719 --> 00:13:24,722
you know, the first time
that I really realized

275
00:13:24,888 --> 00:13:27,016
it's a matter of life and death.

276
00:13:27,182 --> 00:13:28,225
<i>A'</i>

277
00:13:28,392 --> 00:13:29,435
And that's quite scary

278
00:13:29,601 --> 00:13:31,812
when you are 13 years old.

279
00:13:31,979 --> 00:13:34,898
I said, "What do you mean?
Will we be killed?"

280
00:13:35,065 --> 00:13:37,234
[Soldiers marching]

281
00:13:37,401 --> 00:13:41,655
About once a week, in the night,
there was a knock on the door

282
00:13:41,822 --> 00:13:47,077
and people had to open up
and let them search their homes.

283
00:13:47,244 --> 00:13:50,247
A story had been
going around that

284
00:13:50,414 --> 00:13:53,334
in another house,
the beds were still warm.

285
00:13:53,500 --> 00:13:55,002
They felt the beds.

286
00:13:55,169 --> 00:13:56,879
So, they demolished
the whole apartment

287
00:13:57,046 --> 00:13:58,630
till they found the people.

288
00:13:58,797 --> 00:14:02,760
And, of course, hosts were
taken away as well.

289
00:14:02,926 --> 00:14:05,554
So, of course, when you
hear stories like that,

290
00:14:05,721 --> 00:14:09,141
people said, "You know, we can't
take this tension any longer.

291
00:14:09,308 --> 00:14:13,854
You have to move."
So, we moved about 7 times,

292
00:14:14,021 --> 00:14:17,024
my mother and me,
to different places.

293
00:14:17,191 --> 00:14:20,152
My mother, she used to be
in Austria as a lamb,

294
00:14:20,319 --> 00:14:25,616
but suddenly, she became like a
tiger, protecting her children.

295
00:14:25,783 --> 00:14:27,993
My father, when we went
into hiding, he said,

296
00:14:28,160 --> 00:14:29,703
"Don't worry.
It won't be long.

297
00:14:29,870 --> 00:14:33,415
By Christmas,
the war will be finished,"

298
00:14:33,582 --> 00:14:36,168
end of '42.
But, of course, it wasn't.

299
00:14:40,172 --> 00:14:42,633
Girl as Anne Frank: It's the
silence that makes me so nervous

300
00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:45,177
during the evenings and nights,

301
00:14:45,344 --> 00:14:47,679
and I'd give anything to have

302
00:14:47,846 --> 00:14:50,766
one of our helpers sleep here.

303
00:14:50,933 --> 00:14:54,728
I'm terrified our
hiding place will be discovered

304
00:14:54,895 --> 00:14:56,647
and that we'll be shot.

305
00:14:58,148 --> 00:15:01,110
That, of course, is
a fairly dismal prospect.

306
00:15:05,406 --> 00:15:09,576
<i>A'</i>

307
00:15:09,743 --> 00:15:14,331
Lipstadt: The "Chicago Tribune"
in late June of '42

308
00:15:14,498 --> 00:15:18,419
reports the mass killing
of Jews.

309
00:15:18,585 --> 00:15:20,754
<i>A'</i>

310
00:15:20,921 --> 00:15:23,590
Like many other newspapers,
the "Tribune"

311
00:15:23,757 --> 00:15:29,012
puts it on page 6 or 7
in a tiny, little article.

312
00:15:29,179 --> 00:15:30,889
You either missed it,
or if you saw it,

313
00:15:31,056 --> 00:15:33,559
you would say the editors
don't think this is true.

314
00:15:33,725 --> 00:15:35,102
If they thought this was true,

315
00:15:35,269 --> 00:15:37,855
this would be
on the front pages.

316
00:15:38,021 --> 00:15:41,191
Narrator: Some papers did put
the story on the front page,

317
00:15:41,358 --> 00:15:43,694
including the
"Pittsburgh Courier,"

318
00:15:43,861 --> 00:15:47,281
an African American
newspaper, which said,

319
00:15:47,448 --> 00:15:51,910
"the Nazis could teach even
southern whites a few lessons."

320
00:15:56,957 --> 00:15:57,791
<i>A'</i>

321
00:15:57,958 --> 00:15:59,293
3 years after their

322
00:15:59,460 --> 00:16:00,919
aborted voyage to Cuba

323
00:16:01,086 --> 00:16:02,629
aboard the "St. Louis,"

324
00:16:02,796 --> 00:16:05,007
Sol Messinger and his parents

325
00:16:05,174 --> 00:16:09,052
finally made it
to America in June of 1942,

326
00:16:09,219 --> 00:16:12,014
aboard the "Serpa Pinto,"
the same ship

327
00:16:12,181 --> 00:16:16,101
that had brought Susie and Joe
Hilsenrath 10 months earlier.

328
00:16:16,268 --> 00:16:17,936
<i>A'</i>

329
00:16:18,103 --> 00:16:21,190
Messinger: Our sponsor was
a man in Buffalo

330
00:16:21,356 --> 00:16:23,025
who had a furniture store.

331
00:16:23,192 --> 00:16:25,694
And he was
a relative of a relative

332
00:16:25,861 --> 00:16:28,030
whom we knew in Berlin.

333
00:16:28,197 --> 00:16:29,990
He was the one who sponsored us.

334
00:16:30,157 --> 00:16:32,284
It was great to be
in the United States,

335
00:16:32,451 --> 00:16:36,079
not to be afraid of,
you know, policemen.

336
00:16:36,246 --> 00:16:39,708
To be with relatives
whom I never knew,

337
00:16:39,875 --> 00:16:42,294
but who obviously loved us.

338
00:16:42,461 --> 00:16:47,508
And you could feel or see
how people

339
00:16:47,674 --> 00:16:50,677
were more or less relaxed,
you know,

340
00:16:50,844 --> 00:16:52,137
they weren't worried about being

341
00:16:52,304 --> 00:16:54,264
picked up by the police
and so on.

342
00:16:54,431 --> 00:16:58,227
It just was amazing.

343
00:16:58,393 --> 00:17:00,270
Narrator: As he settled into
life in Buffalo,

344
00:17:00,437 --> 00:17:02,648
Sol worried about Leon Silber,

345
00:17:02,814 --> 00:17:05,234
a friend he had made
aboard the "St. Louis"

346
00:17:05,400 --> 00:17:08,320
whose family had fled
to the same village

347
00:17:08,487 --> 00:17:12,115
he had escaped to
in the south of France.

348
00:17:12,282 --> 00:17:15,160
Messinger: 6 weeks
after we had left,

349
00:17:15,327 --> 00:17:18,664
his parents must have heard that

350
00:17:18,830 --> 00:17:20,791
something was about to happen.

351
00:17:20,958 --> 00:17:24,002
They went to the teacher
and they asked her

352
00:17:24,169 --> 00:17:28,173
to hide Leon and she did.

353
00:17:28,340 --> 00:17:30,342
And the next day,
the police came

354
00:17:30,509 --> 00:17:33,262
and they took the parents away.

355
00:17:33,428 --> 00:17:36,848
Then the second day that
he was hidden in the school,

356
00:17:37,015 --> 00:17:39,518
he decided he wanted
to join his parents.

357
00:17:39,685 --> 00:17:42,020
He left the school
and went to the police

358
00:17:42,187 --> 00:17:45,190
and said who he was,

359
00:17:45,357 --> 00:17:46,858
and he wanted to join
his parents.

360
00:17:47,025 --> 00:17:51,613
And he did.
He was killed in Auschwitz.

361
00:17:51,780 --> 00:17:54,199
[Sigh]

362
00:17:56,034 --> 00:17:58,996
He was one of
one and a half million kids

363
00:17:59,162 --> 00:18:01,873
who were killed by the Germans.

364
00:18:02,040 --> 00:18:04,251
Including all my cousins.

365
00:18:14,720 --> 00:18:17,514
Narrator: On July 29, 1942...

366
00:18:17,681 --> 00:18:19,600
A little over 3 weeks after

367
00:18:19,766 --> 00:18:23,729
the Frank and Geiringer families
went into hiding in Amsterdam...

368
00:18:23,895 --> 00:18:27,941
A well-connected German
businessman named Eduard Schulte

369
00:18:28,108 --> 00:18:31,903
boarded a train for Zurich
in neutral Switzerland.

370
00:18:32,070 --> 00:18:35,407
He had told his staff
he would be away on business.

371
00:18:36,617 --> 00:18:39,870
But he had another,
secret goal in mind.

372
00:18:41,204 --> 00:18:43,749
From the first,
Schulte had seen the Nazis

373
00:18:43,915 --> 00:18:45,667
as "a band of criminals;"

374
00:18:45,834 --> 00:18:49,046
their war would end
only in disaster for Germany,

375
00:18:49,212 --> 00:18:52,466
and he had already made this
dangerous trip several times

376
00:18:52,633 --> 00:18:55,135
to speak with Polish
and Swiss agents

377
00:18:55,302 --> 00:18:57,971
about likely
German troop movements.

378
00:19:00,265 --> 00:19:03,852
Now he had learned from
an employee with Nazi contacts

379
00:19:04,019 --> 00:19:07,105
that 12 days earlier,
Heinrich Himmler had made

380
00:19:07,272 --> 00:19:09,816
a formal visit
to the concentration camp

381
00:19:09,983 --> 00:19:15,238
in occupied Poland
now called Auschwitz-Birkenau.

382
00:19:15,405 --> 00:19:17,491
Himmler had spent
two days there,

383
00:19:17,658 --> 00:19:19,159
had watched the first trainload

384
00:19:19,326 --> 00:19:22,287
of 2,000 Jews
from Holland arrive,

385
00:19:22,454 --> 00:19:25,916
observed the selection of
those deemed fit for labor,

386
00:19:26,083 --> 00:19:30,253
and looked on impassively
as 447 people

387
00:19:30,420 --> 00:19:33,590
deemed unfit were
immediately put to death,

388
00:19:33,757 --> 00:19:37,803
using a new method of which
Rudolf Hoess, the commandant,

389
00:19:37,969 --> 00:19:40,055
was especially proud.

390
00:19:40,222 --> 00:19:43,266
Instead of relying on
carbon monoxide produced by

391
00:19:43,433 --> 00:19:46,937
internal combustion engines
that frequently broke down,

392
00:19:47,104 --> 00:19:49,481
the SS at Auschwitz
had begun using

393
00:19:49,648 --> 00:19:52,651
commercially available
pellets of Zyklon,

394
00:19:52,818 --> 00:19:56,655
a powerful vaporizing
cyanide-based pesticide

395
00:19:56,822 --> 00:19:59,074
that reduced the cost of killing

396
00:19:59,241 --> 00:20:03,412
to roughly one U.S. penny
per victim.

397
00:20:03,578 --> 00:20:06,665
The same method would be
adopted at Majdanek,

398
00:20:06,832 --> 00:20:11,545
one of the 6 killing centers
in occupied Poland.

399
00:20:11,712 --> 00:20:17,008
Lipstadt: Gas chambers serve one
purpose and one purpose only:

400
00:20:17,175 --> 00:20:19,469
to murder as many people
as you can

401
00:20:19,636 --> 00:20:21,513
as efficiently as you can.

402
00:20:21,680 --> 00:20:22,973
<i>A'</i>

403
00:20:23,140 --> 00:20:24,516
Narrator: Himmler was
so impressed

404
00:20:24,683 --> 00:20:26,560
he promoted Hoess
to Lieutenant Colonel

405
00:20:26,727 --> 00:20:30,272
and urged him to enlarge
the camp as fast as he could.

406
00:20:30,439 --> 00:20:33,650
The "program of extermination
will continue," he said,

407
00:20:33,817 --> 00:20:36,862
"and will be accelerated
every month."

408
00:20:37,028 --> 00:20:38,697
[Train's horn blows]

409
00:20:38,864 --> 00:20:41,908
Schulte was determined to
get the explosive information

410
00:20:42,075 --> 00:20:45,537
to Jewish leaders in Britain
and the United States,

411
00:20:45,704 --> 00:20:47,624
hoping that they could
persuade their governments

412
00:20:47,664 --> 00:20:50,584
to do something before
it was too late.

413
00:20:51,960 --> 00:20:53,879
In Zurich,
Schulte told what he knew

414
00:20:54,045 --> 00:20:56,506
to a Jewish banker friend
who eventually

415
00:20:56,673 --> 00:20:59,885
passed his story on to
a 30-year-old representative

416
00:21:00,051 --> 00:21:02,220
of the World Jewish Congress,

417
00:21:02,387 --> 00:21:06,057
a refugee named Gerhart Riegner.

418
00:21:06,224 --> 00:21:08,560
Woman: Riegner hears
third-hand that the Nazis

419
00:21:08,727 --> 00:21:11,563
have a plan to gather
the Jews together

420
00:21:11,730 --> 00:21:15,066
in the East and murder them
before the end of the year.

421
00:21:15,233 --> 00:21:18,236
He obsesses over this.
This keeps him up at night.

422
00:21:18,403 --> 00:21:20,989
And, finally,
on August 8th, 1942,

423
00:21:21,156 --> 00:21:25,410
he decides that he is going
to spread this to the world.

424
00:21:25,577 --> 00:21:28,789
He is going to get the Allies
to do something about this.

425
00:21:28,955 --> 00:21:31,374
So, he goes to
the U.S. Consulate in Geneva

426
00:21:31,541 --> 00:21:35,504
and explains what he's learned
to the Vice Consul there.

427
00:21:37,339 --> 00:21:40,133
Narrator: Riegner was "a serious
and balanced individual,"

428
00:21:40,300 --> 00:21:43,053
the vice consul wrote
in his memorandum.

429
00:21:43,220 --> 00:21:46,973
But his boss was dismissive
and added a covering note

430
00:21:47,140 --> 00:21:49,309
before sending it on
to Washington,

431
00:21:49,476 --> 00:21:51,853
warning that Riegner's story had

432
00:21:52,020 --> 00:21:54,606
all the "earmarks of
a war rumor."

433
00:21:56,024 --> 00:21:59,444
That the Nazis persecuted
the Jews was undeniable,

434
00:21:59,611 --> 00:22:01,613
but the notion
that the Nazis were now

435
00:22:01,780 --> 00:22:05,158
preparing to kill them all
was simply impossible for

436
00:22:05,325 --> 00:22:08,161
many in the State Department
to believe.

437
00:22:08,328 --> 00:22:10,413
<i>A'</i>

438
00:22:10,580 --> 00:22:11,974
Erbelding: State Department
officials decide that

439
00:22:11,998 --> 00:22:13,625
this is not good information,

440
00:22:13,792 --> 00:22:16,127
and this is crucial, they say,

441
00:22:16,294 --> 00:22:17,712
"Even if this were true, there's

442
00:22:17,879 --> 00:22:20,423
nothing that we could
do about it."

443
00:22:20,590 --> 00:22:21,859
They believe that they are doing

444
00:22:21,883 --> 00:22:23,552
all they canto assist the Jews

445
00:22:23,718 --> 00:22:27,013
and that any sort of
rally or petition or protest

446
00:22:27,180 --> 00:22:28,890
asking them to do more would be

447
00:22:29,057 --> 00:22:32,227
diverting resources from
the war effort.

448
00:22:32,394 --> 00:22:33,770
Many of these people were also

449
00:22:33,937 --> 00:22:35,772
racist and antisemitic
and nativist.

450
00:22:35,939 --> 00:22:40,485
And, so, you have to wonder
whether some of their concern,

451
00:22:40,652 --> 00:22:43,154
some of their annoyances
have to do with the fact

452
00:22:43,321 --> 00:22:45,073
that they're being asked
to help Jews.

453
00:22:46,491 --> 00:22:48,785
Narrator: But Riegner
had also told his story

454
00:22:48,952 --> 00:22:50,954
to a British consular official,

455
00:22:51,121 --> 00:22:54,082
who passed it on to a Jewish
member of Parliament,

456
00:22:54,249 --> 00:22:56,459
who passed it
on to Stephen Wise,

457
00:22:56,626 --> 00:22:59,588
the best-known rabbi
in the United States.

458
00:22:59,754 --> 00:23:01,172
<i>A'</i>

459
00:23:01,339 --> 00:23:02,899
Wise took it to
Under Secretary of State

460
00:23:02,924 --> 00:23:04,009
Sumner Welles,

461
00:23:04,175 --> 00:23:05,552
who asked him to say nothing

462
00:23:05,719 --> 00:23:06,845
until he could find out

463
00:23:07,012 --> 00:23:09,973
how much truth there was in it.

464
00:23:10,140 --> 00:23:11,683
Wise was nearing 70,

465
00:23:11,850 --> 00:23:15,020
exhausted from overwork
and in declining health.

466
00:23:15,186 --> 00:23:16,813
He told a friend that these were

467
00:23:16,980 --> 00:23:19,274
the unhappiest days of his life.

468
00:23:19,441 --> 00:23:22,027
They have "left me
without sleep," he wrote,

469
00:23:22,193 --> 00:23:25,989
and "I am almost demented
over my people's grief."

470
00:23:27,616 --> 00:23:30,535
Over the next two months,
reports from the Vatican,

471
00:23:30,702 --> 00:23:34,414
the Red Cross, and from other
witnesses supplied by Riegner

472
00:23:34,581 --> 00:23:39,419
suggested that the horror
he described was real.

473
00:23:39,586 --> 00:23:41,963
Welles summoned Wise
back to Washington again

474
00:23:42,130 --> 00:23:44,257
and gravely told him
that the evidence

475
00:23:44,424 --> 00:23:46,217
justified his "worst fears."

476
00:23:46,384 --> 00:23:48,303
<i>A'</i>

477
00:23:48,470 --> 00:23:50,680
Wise called
the Associated Press.

478
00:23:50,847 --> 00:23:52,474
There could be no doubt now.

479
00:23:52,641 --> 00:23:54,601
Two million Jews
were already dead,

480
00:23:54,768 --> 00:23:57,896
he told reporters, which
would eventually turn out

481
00:23:58,063 --> 00:24:01,191
to have been
a gross underestimate...

482
00:24:01,358 --> 00:24:03,485
4 million had already
been killed...

483
00:24:03,652 --> 00:24:06,529
And the Nazis intended
to go on killing Jews

484
00:24:06,696 --> 00:24:09,407
as long as there were
Jews to kill.

485
00:24:09,574 --> 00:24:17,574
<i>A'</i>

486
00:24:18,667 --> 00:24:20,251
The story finally made
the front page

487
00:24:20,418 --> 00:24:22,212
of the "New York
Herald-Tribune,"

488
00:24:22,379 --> 00:24:24,381
where it appeared
with another story,

489
00:24:24,547 --> 00:24:27,759
credited to the Polish
government-in-exile in London,

490
00:24:27,926 --> 00:24:30,553
which described Jews
from the Warsaw Ghetto

491
00:24:30,720 --> 00:24:33,765
being loaded into freight cars
and transported

492
00:24:33,932 --> 00:24:38,103
to Treblinka, Belzec,
and Sobibor,

493
00:24:38,269 --> 00:24:41,439
where, it said, they were
being "mass-murdered."

494
00:24:41,606 --> 00:24:43,358
<i>A'</i>

495
00:24:43,525 --> 00:24:45,086
Erbelding: Riegner's message,
when it finally reaches

496
00:24:45,110 --> 00:24:46,987
the American people
in November, 1942,

497
00:24:47,153 --> 00:24:50,073
is the first information
that the American people

498
00:24:50,240 --> 00:24:54,411
really have verified that
the Nazis have a plan

499
00:24:54,577 --> 00:24:56,204
to murder all of
the Jews of Europe.

500
00:24:56,371 --> 00:24:58,540
<i>A'</i>

501
00:24:58,707 --> 00:25:02,877
Narrator: The news was widely
circulated by the Associated Press,

502
00:25:03,044 --> 00:25:05,130
though its impact
was lessened by reports

503
00:25:05,296 --> 00:25:07,298
about the fighting
in North Africa,

504
00:25:07,465 --> 00:25:10,969
where American troops
had just landed,

505
00:25:11,136 --> 00:25:13,304
and from Stalingrad,
where the Soviets

506
00:25:13,471 --> 00:25:16,057
had finally broken
the German siege.

507
00:25:16,224 --> 00:25:18,727
<i>A'</i>

508
00:25:18,893 --> 00:25:21,980
CBS Radio correspondent
Edward R. Murrow,

509
00:25:22,147 --> 00:25:25,191
perhaps the country's
most respected reporter,

510
00:25:25,358 --> 00:25:28,987
was unsparing in his broadcast.

511
00:25:29,154 --> 00:25:31,197
"What is happening is this,"
he said.

512
00:25:31,364 --> 00:25:34,784
"Millions of human beings,
most of them Jews,

513
00:25:34,951 --> 00:25:37,662
"are being gathered up
with ruthless efficiency

514
00:25:37,829 --> 00:25:39,122
and murdered."

515
00:25:39,289 --> 00:25:41,499
<i>A'</i>

516
00:25:41,666 --> 00:25:47,464
Jewish organizations worldwide
declared December 2, 1942

517
00:25:47,630 --> 00:25:48,965
a "Day of Mourning."

518
00:25:51,676 --> 00:25:55,889
On December 8th, Stephen Wise
and 3 other Jewish leaders

519
00:25:56,056 --> 00:25:57,432
met with the president.

520
00:25:57,599 --> 00:26:00,018
"Unless action
is taken immediately,

521
00:26:00,185 --> 00:26:04,147
the Jews of Europe are doomed,"
they told him.

522
00:26:04,314 --> 00:26:06,941
Roosevelt said he was aware
of the Nazi "horrors"

523
00:26:07,108 --> 00:26:09,277
but had no remedy at hand.

524
00:26:09,444 --> 00:26:12,072
"We are dealing with
an insane man," he said.

525
00:26:12,238 --> 00:26:15,909
"Hitler and the group that
surrounds him are psychopathic.

526
00:26:16,076 --> 00:26:20,038
That is why we cannot act
toward them by normal means."

527
00:26:20,205 --> 00:26:23,666
Roosevelt: The first
is freedom of speech...

528
00:26:23,833 --> 00:26:26,461
Narrator: Even before the
United States entered the war,

529
00:26:26,628 --> 00:26:30,381
Roosevelt had made one of
his over-arching goals

530
00:26:30,548 --> 00:26:32,217
the "freedom of every person

531
00:26:32,383 --> 00:26:35,386
"to worship God in his own way,

532
00:26:35,553 --> 00:26:37,388
everywhere in the world."

533
00:26:37,555 --> 00:26:38,640
Roosevelt: in the world.

534
00:26:38,807 --> 00:26:40,058
Narrator: And he had repeatedly

535
00:26:40,225 --> 00:26:41,768
denounced Nazi crimes

536
00:26:41,935 --> 00:26:43,728
and promised that those
who committed them

537
00:26:43,895 --> 00:26:47,148
would be punished
once victory was won.

538
00:26:47,315 --> 00:26:49,901
But he had always been
careful to maintain

539
00:26:50,068 --> 00:26:53,404
that Hitler's victims
included all sorts of people,

540
00:26:53,571 --> 00:26:56,157
not specifically Jews.

541
00:26:58,284 --> 00:27:02,080
Erbelding: The War Department
does not want American soldiers

542
00:27:02,247 --> 00:27:05,041
to even know very much
about the persecution of Jews

543
00:27:05,208 --> 00:27:08,753
because they feel like
the soldiers won't fight hard

544
00:27:08,920 --> 00:27:10,922
if they think that
they are secretly being sent

545
00:27:11,089 --> 00:27:12,590
to save the Jews.

546
00:27:14,676 --> 00:27:17,637
And Jewish organizations are
obviously very sensitive to this.

547
00:27:19,597 --> 00:27:22,308
They don't want to have
Americans perceive this

548
00:27:22,475 --> 00:27:24,394
as a war for the Jews.

549
00:27:24,561 --> 00:27:25,895
[Explosion]

550
00:27:28,189 --> 00:27:31,943
Narrator: Still, 9 days after
Roosevelt met with Rabbi Wise,

551
00:27:32,110 --> 00:27:35,196
the United States joined in
an Allied declaration

552
00:27:35,363 --> 00:27:40,535
issued simultaneously in
Washington, London, and Moscow.

553
00:27:40,702 --> 00:27:44,080
The statement condemned "in
the strongest possible terms

554
00:27:44,247 --> 00:27:49,127
this bestial policy of
cold-blooded extermination,"

555
00:27:49,294 --> 00:27:53,006
and reaffirmed the Allies'
"solemn resolution to ensure

556
00:27:53,173 --> 00:27:55,592
"that those responsible
for these crimes

557
00:27:55,758 --> 00:27:58,678
"shall not escape retribution,

558
00:27:58,845 --> 00:28:04,309
and to press on with necessary
practical measures to this end."

559
00:28:05,977 --> 00:28:09,981
But no specific practical
measures were recommended

560
00:28:10,148 --> 00:28:12,901
other than victory
on the battlefield.

561
00:28:14,986 --> 00:28:16,946
Man on newsreel: Through town
after Tunisian town,

562
00:28:17,113 --> 00:28:19,699
the 8th army triumphantly marches,
pushing the retreating...

563
00:28:19,866 --> 00:28:21,910
Man: What does
that declaration say?

564
00:28:22,076 --> 00:28:24,746
It says, "We're going to
punish the perpetrators.

565
00:28:24,913 --> 00:28:27,957
Full punishment
of the perpetrators."

566
00:28:28,124 --> 00:28:32,503
We do rally, as a nation,
to defeat fascism.

567
00:28:33,963 --> 00:28:35,298
We just don't rally,
as a nation,

568
00:28:35,465 --> 00:28:37,675
to rescue the victims
of fascism.

569
00:28:37,842 --> 00:28:39,236
Man on newsreel:
And now Allied commanders look

570
00:28:39,260 --> 00:28:40,845
eagerly across the Mediterranean

571
00:28:41,012 --> 00:28:43,014
to the shores of
Hitler's fortress Europe.

572
00:28:43,181 --> 00:28:45,183
<i>A'</i>

573
00:28:45,350 --> 00:28:47,810
Man: Three-quarters of the victims
of the Holocaust are dead

574
00:28:47,977 --> 00:28:51,898
before any American soldier
is in continental Europe.

575
00:28:52,065 --> 00:28:54,567
90% of the victims
of the Holocaust

576
00:28:54,734 --> 00:28:57,946
die in the northeast quadrant
of the European continent:

577
00:28:58,112 --> 00:29:01,366
Poland, Lithuania, and today,
Belarus, Ukraine,

578
00:29:01,532 --> 00:29:03,243
but then the Soviet Union.

579
00:29:03,409 --> 00:29:05,119
They are all out of reach of

580
00:29:05,286 --> 00:29:08,373
American aircraft
in Great Britain.

581
00:29:08,539 --> 00:29:10,166
There is no way
American aircraft

582
00:29:10,333 --> 00:29:12,669
could have flown to
any of those death camps

583
00:29:12,835 --> 00:29:14,671
and impeded the killing process

584
00:29:14,837 --> 00:29:16,714
while it was at its most intense

585
00:29:16,881 --> 00:29:19,634
in 1942 and in January of 1943.

586
00:29:19,801 --> 00:29:21,427
<i>A'</i>

587
00:29:21,594 --> 00:29:23,274
I think the only thing
they could have done

588
00:29:23,388 --> 00:29:26,182
was to publicize
what was happening more

589
00:29:26,349 --> 00:29:29,852
and to organize
behind the scenes resistance.

590
00:29:30,019 --> 00:29:33,106
But they were always inhibited
about this because remember,

591
00:29:33,273 --> 00:29:36,943
Nazi propaganda was that
Roosevelt and Churchill

592
00:29:37,110 --> 00:29:39,195
were the tools of the Jews.

593
00:29:39,362 --> 00:29:42,115
They were fighting the war
for the Jews.

594
00:29:42,282 --> 00:29:45,576
And the Nazis used this
propaganda to great effect.

595
00:29:45,743 --> 00:29:48,496
And anything the Allies did
that seemed to be

596
00:29:48,663 --> 00:29:52,250
explicitly defending Jews
ran the risk of

597
00:29:52,417 --> 00:29:54,057
playing into the hands
of that propaganda.

598
00:29:54,210 --> 00:29:57,088
<i>A'</i>

599
00:29:57,255 --> 00:29:59,424
Narrator: Despite
the front-page coverage,

600
00:29:59,590 --> 00:30:02,135
despite the Allies' declaration,

601
00:30:02,302 --> 00:30:06,347
a Gallup poll taken
early in January, 1943

602
00:30:06,514 --> 00:30:09,434
showed that fewer than
half of its respondents

603
00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:12,270
could bring themselves
to believe that the Nazis

604
00:30:12,437 --> 00:30:14,814
could possibly have killed
as many as

605
00:30:14,981 --> 00:30:19,277
two million Jews,
let alone 4 million.

606
00:30:19,444 --> 00:30:23,489
<i>A'</i>

607
00:30:23,656 --> 00:30:28,661
Woman: Druja, Poland,
Tuesday, 4 A.M., June 16, 1942.

608
00:30:28,828 --> 00:30:30,621
<i>A'</i>

609
00:30:30,788 --> 00:30:34,459
My dear ones! I am writing
this letter before my death,

610
00:30:34,625 --> 00:30:38,212
but I don't know the exact day
that I and all my relatives

611
00:30:38,379 --> 00:30:40,965
will be killed,
just because we are Jews.

612
00:30:41,132 --> 00:30:43,384
<i>A'</i>

613
00:30:43,551 --> 00:30:45,678
We are all hiding in one dugout.

614
00:30:45,845 --> 00:30:47,680
My hand trembles
and it's hard for me

615
00:30:47,847 --> 00:30:48,681
to finish writing.

616
00:30:48,848 --> 00:30:50,516
<i>A'</i>

617
00:30:50,683 --> 00:30:55,855
Farewell. In the name
of everybody:

618
00:30:56,022 --> 00:30:59,484
Father, Mother, Sima, Sonia,

619
00:30:59,650 --> 00:31:02,779
Zusia, Rasia, Yehezkel.

620
00:31:02,945 --> 00:31:05,615
And in the name of Zeldaleh
the toddler,

621
00:31:05,782 --> 00:31:08,159
who doesn't understand
anything yet.

622
00:31:09,827 --> 00:31:10,870
Fanya Barbakow.

623
00:31:15,792 --> 00:31:17,644
Man on newsreel: The Volga,
where the great counteroffensive

624
00:31:17,668 --> 00:31:21,130
by the Soviet army is
commanded by General Zhukov.

625
00:31:21,297 --> 00:31:23,841
He directs the strategy of
Russian victories.

626
00:31:27,887 --> 00:31:30,348
On the Stalingrad front, we see
the kind of fighting tactics

627
00:31:30,515 --> 00:31:32,058
that first stopped the Germans

628
00:31:32,225 --> 00:31:33,851
and now is hurling them back,

629
00:31:34,018 --> 00:31:35,812
trapping huge numbers of them.

630
00:31:37,605 --> 00:31:40,191
Narrator: In early 1943,
the tide of battle

631
00:31:40,358 --> 00:31:42,402
turned against the Nazis.

632
00:31:43,611 --> 00:31:45,363
At Stalingrad, the Soviets,

633
00:31:45,530 --> 00:31:48,199
armed and supplied
with American trucks

634
00:31:48,366 --> 00:31:51,285
and tanks and aircraft,

635
00:31:51,452 --> 00:31:54,372
had destroyed the entire
German 6th Army.

636
00:31:56,040 --> 00:31:58,209
In North Africa,
British forces had captured

637
00:31:58,376 --> 00:32:02,463
250,000 German
and Italian prisoners...

638
00:32:02,630 --> 00:32:05,925
And saved the lives of
hundreds of thousands of Jews

639
00:32:06,092 --> 00:32:08,428
who had lived or
sought sanctuary there.

640
00:32:08,594 --> 00:32:11,472
<i>A'</i>

641
00:32:11,639 --> 00:32:15,560
Meanwhile, the pace of the Nazi
slaughter of Jews slowed,

642
00:32:15,726 --> 00:32:20,523
largely because so few
survived to be killed.

643
00:32:20,690 --> 00:32:23,317
Those who did survive
were needed for slave labor

644
00:32:23,484 --> 00:32:26,737
or lived mostly in
Romania and Hungary,

645
00:32:26,904 --> 00:32:28,781
countries that were allied with

646
00:32:28,948 --> 00:32:31,075
but not controlled by the Nazis.

647
00:32:31,242 --> 00:32:33,077
<i>A'</i>

648
00:32:33,244 --> 00:32:39,542
In America, agitation for action
against the killing accelerated.

649
00:32:39,709 --> 00:32:41,711
Rabbi Wise and the heads
of several other

650
00:32:41,878 --> 00:32:44,922
well-known
Jewish organizations continued

651
00:32:45,089 --> 00:32:48,426
to offer advice to
the Roosevelt administration,

652
00:32:48,593 --> 00:32:50,261
but that advice
had been discussed

653
00:32:50,428 --> 00:32:53,890
and either rejected
or ignored before.

654
00:32:54,056 --> 00:32:56,434
And they were soon faced
with a rival group

655
00:32:56,601 --> 00:32:58,436
more militant than theirs.

656
00:32:58,603 --> 00:33:03,316
Its name kept changing but its
philosophy remained the same.

657
00:33:03,483 --> 00:33:05,526
Its founder was Peter Bergson,

658
00:33:05,693 --> 00:33:07,904
a recent arrival from Palestine

659
00:33:08,070 --> 00:33:09,947
<i>and a member of the “gun,</i>

660
00:33:10,114 --> 00:33:12,366
a Zionist paramilitary group,

661
00:33:12,533 --> 00:33:16,496
who would dismiss Rabbi Wise
and most of his Jewish allies

662
00:33:16,662 --> 00:33:19,916
as timorous "Americans
of Hebrew descent,"

663
00:33:20,082 --> 00:33:23,753
not authentic members
of "the Hebrew Nation."

664
00:33:23,920 --> 00:33:25,129
<i>A'</i>

665
00:33:25,296 --> 00:33:27,381
Rescue now became
Bergson's cause.

666
00:33:27,548 --> 00:33:30,134
With help from
the screenwriter Ben Hecht,

667
00:33:30,301 --> 00:33:33,721
he produced an avalanche of
newspaper advertisements

668
00:33:33,888 --> 00:33:36,307
charging the administration
with ignoring

669
00:33:36,474 --> 00:33:39,143
the plight of Europe's Jews.

670
00:33:39,310 --> 00:33:41,312
[Men chanting Mourner's Kaddish]

671
00:33:49,779 --> 00:33:54,325
Narrator: On March 9, 1943, he
filled Madison Square Garden twice

672
00:33:54,492 --> 00:33:58,829
with an elaborate pageant
called "We Will Never Die!"

673
00:33:58,996 --> 00:34:01,666
Told largely from
the viewpoint of the dead,

674
00:34:01,832 --> 00:34:06,504
it featured 200 rabbis and
cantors and an all-star cast

675
00:34:06,671 --> 00:34:09,131
that included
Edward G. Robinson,

676
00:34:09,298 --> 00:34:11,842
John Garfield, and Paul Muni.

677
00:34:13,511 --> 00:34:18,349
And this is
not a Jewish problem.

678
00:34:18,516 --> 00:34:23,396
It is a problem
that belongs to humanity,

679
00:34:23,563 --> 00:34:28,693
and it is a challenge
to the soul of man.

680
00:34:28,859 --> 00:34:31,529
Narrator: The show would go on
to Boston, Philadelphia,

681
00:34:31,696 --> 00:34:35,700
Washington, Chicago,
and the Hollywood Bowl.

682
00:34:35,866 --> 00:34:37,868
Its composer, Kurt Weill,

683
00:34:38,035 --> 00:34:40,288
himself a refugee
from the Nazis,

684
00:34:40,454 --> 00:34:42,999
was pleased by
the big crowds it drew

685
00:34:43,165 --> 00:34:46,335
but felt the pageant
didn't achieve much.

686
00:34:46,502 --> 00:34:49,088
"All we have done
is make a lot of Jews cry,"

687
00:34:49,255 --> 00:34:52,717
he said, "which is not
a unique accomplishment."

688
00:34:53,926 --> 00:34:55,720
But it did impress
the First Lady

689
00:34:55,886 --> 00:34:57,430
and scores of congressmen.

690
00:34:57,597 --> 00:34:59,599
[Applause]

691
00:35:05,479 --> 00:35:06,981
While the show
was still touring,

692
00:35:07,148 --> 00:35:10,109
word came that
some of the 70,000 Jews

693
00:35:10,276 --> 00:35:12,111
still alive in the Warsaw Ghetto

694
00:35:12,278 --> 00:35:14,322
had risen up against the Nazis

695
00:35:14,488 --> 00:35:17,533
rather than be deported
to Treblinka.

696
00:35:17,700 --> 00:35:19,410
<i>A'</i>

697
00:35:19,577 --> 00:35:24,665
They had already buried
artwork, diaries, poetry,

698
00:35:24,832 --> 00:35:28,836
and final notes in
steel milk cans in the ground.

699
00:35:29,003 --> 00:35:34,717
<i>A'</i>

700
00:35:34,884 --> 00:35:37,053
One teenager wrote
that he hoped to

701
00:35:37,219 --> 00:35:42,308
"alert the world to what
happened in the 20th century.

702
00:35:42,475 --> 00:35:44,810
May history attest for us."

703
00:35:44,977 --> 00:35:49,774
<i>A'</i>

704
00:35:49,940 --> 00:35:53,778
The uprising was the largest
Jewish rebellion of the war.

705
00:35:53,944 --> 00:35:57,948
It would take the Germans
more than a month to crush it,

706
00:35:58,115 --> 00:36:02,662
level the ghetto, and send
the survivors to their deaths.

707
00:36:02,828 --> 00:36:08,668
<i>A'</i>

708
00:36:08,834 --> 00:36:12,463
Woman: Freda Kirchwey,
"The Nation" Magazine.

709
00:36:12,630 --> 00:36:15,508
In this country, you and I
and the President

710
00:36:15,675 --> 00:36:18,177
and the Congress
and the State Department

711
00:36:18,344 --> 00:36:22,348
are accessories to the crime
and share Hitler's guilt.

712
00:36:22,515 --> 00:36:24,141
<i>A'</i>

713
00:36:24,308 --> 00:36:26,977
If we had behaved like
humane and generous people

714
00:36:27,144 --> 00:36:30,898
instead of complacent,
cowardly, guilty ones,

715
00:36:31,065 --> 00:36:33,734
the Jews lying today
in the earth of Poland

716
00:36:33,901 --> 00:36:36,320
and Hitler's other
crowded graveyards

717
00:36:36,487 --> 00:36:39,907
would be alive and safe.

718
00:36:40,074 --> 00:36:44,328
And other millions yet to die
would have found sanctuary.

719
00:36:44,495 --> 00:36:46,997
We had it in our power
to rescue this doomed people

720
00:36:47,164 --> 00:36:48,833
and we did not lift a hand
to do it...

721
00:36:48,999 --> 00:36:50,543
<i>A'</i>

722
00:36:50,710 --> 00:36:52,336
Or perhaps it would be fairer
to say that

723
00:36:52,503 --> 00:36:55,172
we lifted just one
cautious hand,

724
00:36:55,339 --> 00:36:59,343
encased in a tight-fitting
glove of quotas and visas

725
00:36:59,510 --> 00:37:04,014
and affidavits and a thick
layer of prejudice.

726
00:37:04,181 --> 00:37:06,517
<i>A'</i>

727
00:37:06,684 --> 00:37:08,686
[Telegraph key tapping]

728
00:37:11,188 --> 00:37:13,983
Narrator: Gerhart Riegner...
Whose report from Switzerland

729
00:37:14,150 --> 00:37:16,068
had alerted America
to the ongoing

730
00:37:16,235 --> 00:37:19,196
Nazi policy of extermination...

731
00:37:19,363 --> 00:37:22,366
Sent Washington
another desperate message.

732
00:37:24,034 --> 00:37:26,871
Tens of thousands of Jews
deported by the Nazis

733
00:37:27,037 --> 00:37:29,290
were now trapped
in northern Romania

734
00:37:29,457 --> 00:37:31,584
without warm clothing.

735
00:37:31,751 --> 00:37:35,880
They had just endured
another harsh winter.

736
00:37:36,046 --> 00:37:38,382
With help from
the International Red Cross,

737
00:37:38,549 --> 00:37:41,260
Riegner thought he could
keep them alive.

738
00:37:43,304 --> 00:37:45,639
He also believed he
could help Jewish children

739
00:37:45,806 --> 00:37:48,392
still hiding in France
escape across

740
00:37:48,559 --> 00:37:51,187
the Swiss and Spanish borders.

741
00:37:52,855 --> 00:37:54,575
Erbelding: Riegner had
many connections with

742
00:37:54,648 --> 00:37:57,318
underground organizations
and partisan organizations

743
00:37:57,485 --> 00:37:59,111
in these different countries.

744
00:37:59,278 --> 00:38:01,118
And so, his idea was
if he could get the money,

745
00:38:01,155 --> 00:38:03,532
he could funnel
that money into France,

746
00:38:03,699 --> 00:38:07,244
into Romania, to people who
could buy clothing and food,

747
00:38:07,411 --> 00:38:09,455
or who could buy fake documents,

748
00:38:09,622 --> 00:38:11,791
or pay off
border guards to allow

749
00:38:11,957 --> 00:38:14,293
children to escape
over the border.

750
00:38:14,460 --> 00:38:17,755
Narrator: Riegnefls organization,
the World Jewish Congress,

751
00:38:17,922 --> 00:38:19,381
could supply the money,

752
00:38:19,548 --> 00:38:21,592
but Riegner would need
a special license

753
00:38:21,759 --> 00:38:24,929
from the Treasury Department,
which routinely prohibited

754
00:38:25,095 --> 00:38:27,640
all "financial or
commercial arrangements

755
00:38:27,807 --> 00:38:29,934
within enemy territory."

756
00:38:31,143 --> 00:38:34,897
<i>On June 23, 1943,
Wagner's request</i>

757
00:38:35,064 --> 00:38:38,609
reached the desk
of 34-year-old John Pehle,

758
00:38:38,776 --> 00:38:43,447
who ran the Foreign Funds
Control department at Treasury.

759
00:38:43,614 --> 00:38:46,200
Pehle: The State Department
was quite negative.

760
00:38:46,367 --> 00:38:49,245
It worried about
the possibility of funds

761
00:38:49,411 --> 00:38:52,206
falling in the hands
of the Germans.

762
00:38:52,373 --> 00:38:54,625
However, we went back
and decided that

763
00:38:54,792 --> 00:38:57,711
we could put safeguards
in the procedures,

764
00:38:57,878 --> 00:39:01,340
so that no foreign exchange
would come to the Germans.

765
00:39:02,925 --> 00:39:05,469
Narrator: Pehle granted
the license and sent it along

766
00:39:05,636 --> 00:39:08,597
to the State Department for
transmission to Switzerland,

767
00:39:08,764 --> 00:39:11,684
assuming it would reach
Riegner quickly.

768
00:39:11,851 --> 00:39:14,770
But the staff of
Assistant Secretary of State

769
00:39:14,937 --> 00:39:17,898
Breckinridge Long, who had
been adamantly opposed

770
00:39:18,065 --> 00:39:20,943
to helping Jewish refugees
from the beginning,

771
00:39:21,110 --> 00:39:23,487
quietly shelved it.

772
00:39:23,654 --> 00:39:24,905
<i>A'</i>

773
00:39:25,072 --> 00:39:27,992
By the beginning
of September 1943,

774
00:39:28,158 --> 00:39:30,995
when American and British troops
landed in Italy

775
00:39:31,161 --> 00:39:34,248
and finally gained their
first foothold in Europe,

776
00:39:34,415 --> 00:39:37,668
John Pehle insisted that
the United States government

777
00:39:37,835 --> 00:39:40,504
should take an active role
in trying to rescue

778
00:39:40,671 --> 00:39:43,883
Europe's surviving Jews...

779
00:39:44,049 --> 00:39:46,844
And he would do
everything he could to help.

780
00:39:47,011 --> 00:39:48,888
<i>A'</i>

781
00:39:49,054 --> 00:39:51,932
Erbelding: John Pehle was the
child of a German immigrant;

782
00:39:52,099 --> 00:39:55,144
his father had come when
he was a teenager from Germany,

783
00:39:55,311 --> 00:39:58,814
and his mother was the child
of Swedish immigrants.

784
00:39:58,981 --> 00:40:00,107
He grew up in Omaha.

785
00:40:00,274 --> 00:40:01,650
He went to college there

786
00:40:01,817 --> 00:40:03,694
and then ended up at Yale.

787
00:40:03,861 --> 00:40:07,656
But came from a family that did
not always have a lot of money

788
00:40:07,823 --> 00:40:09,658
and was an immigrant family.

789
00:40:09,825 --> 00:40:10,868
<i>A'</i>

790
00:40:11,035 --> 00:40:12,095
And, so, I think that made him

791
00:40:12,119 --> 00:40:13,370
a little more sympathetic

792
00:40:13,537 --> 00:40:15,122
to the plight of people who

793
00:40:15,289 --> 00:40:17,374
did not come
from wealth or privilege.

794
00:40:17,541 --> 00:40:20,836
<i>A'</i>

795
00:40:21,003 --> 00:40:22,838
Pehle also thinks that
the United States

796
00:40:23,005 --> 00:40:25,382
is a force of good
for the world.

797
00:40:25,549 --> 00:40:27,426
And a force of good for mankind.

798
00:40:27,593 --> 00:40:28,593
<i>A'</i>

799
00:40:28,677 --> 00:40:29,845
And that comes through

800
00:40:30,012 --> 00:40:31,180
a lot of his decisions.

801
00:40:31,347 --> 00:40:33,891
<i>A'</i>

802
00:40:34,058 --> 00:40:36,560
The United States
cannot be isolationist,

803
00:40:36,727 --> 00:40:38,270
that we are part of
a global community

804
00:40:38,437 --> 00:40:40,731
and that we need
to treat everyone

805
00:40:40,898 --> 00:40:43,567
as a fellow citizen
of the world.

806
00:40:48,072 --> 00:40:50,950
Narrator: On July 28, 1943,

807
00:40:51,116 --> 00:40:53,577
the ambassador of the Polish
government-in-exile

808
00:40:53,744 --> 00:40:55,829
had brought a man
named Jan Karski

809
00:40:55,996 --> 00:40:59,917
to the White House for a meeting
with President Roosevelt.

810
00:41:00,084 --> 00:41:03,170
Karski was a Catholic courier
for the Polish underground

811
00:41:03,337 --> 00:41:05,839
who had survived
Gestapo torture,

812
00:41:06,006 --> 00:41:08,509
managed to smuggle himself
in and out of

813
00:41:08,676 --> 00:41:11,345
the Warsaw Ghetto
and a transit camp

814
00:41:11,512 --> 00:41:15,432
that exported Jews to
the killing center at Belzec.

815
00:41:15,599 --> 00:41:18,018
Roosevelt questioned him
closely about

816
00:41:18,185 --> 00:41:21,689
the situation
in Nazi-occupied Poland.

817
00:41:46,630 --> 00:41:49,258
Narrator: Before he left,
Karski asked FDR

818
00:41:49,425 --> 00:41:52,553
what message he had
for the Polish people.

819
00:41:52,720 --> 00:41:56,515
"You will tell them that we will
win this war," Roosevelt said.

820
00:41:56,682 --> 00:42:00,060
"You will tell them that
the guilty will be punished.

821
00:42:00,227 --> 00:42:03,147
"Justice and freedom
will prevail.

822
00:42:03,313 --> 00:42:05,482
"You will tell your
nation that they have

823
00:42:05,649 --> 00:42:07,860
a friend in this house."

824
00:42:08,027 --> 00:42:09,069
<i>A'</i>

825
00:42:09,236 --> 00:42:11,238
FDR also tells Karski

826
00:42:11,405 --> 00:42:12,823
to meet with Felix Frankfurter,

827
00:42:12,990 --> 00:42:15,701
who's on the Supreme Court
at the time.

828
00:42:15,868 --> 00:42:18,203
Frankfurter is Jewish.
Karski tells Frankfurter

829
00:42:18,370 --> 00:42:22,291
what he's seen in Warsaw and
other parts of Occupied Poland.

830
00:43:05,375 --> 00:43:09,254
<i>A'</i>

831
00:43:09,421 --> 00:43:13,675
Lipstadt: The Soviets bring a
group of reporters to Babi Yar,

832
00:43:13,842 --> 00:43:17,387
where there's been one of the
early mass killings of Jews.

833
00:43:19,681 --> 00:43:22,184
And they're walked through
by two people

834
00:43:22,351 --> 00:43:25,979
who the Soviets say are
survivors of this massacre.

835
00:43:27,189 --> 00:43:29,691
And they walk them
through the fields

836
00:43:29,858 --> 00:43:31,860
where these killings
have taken place,

837
00:43:32,027 --> 00:43:36,490
and there are bits of bones
and broken eyeglasses and teeth

838
00:43:36,657 --> 00:43:40,619
and all sorts of things that...
That indicate what has happened.

839
00:43:40,786 --> 00:43:43,247
<i>A'</i>

840
00:43:43,413 --> 00:43:45,290
There were American reporters
who were present

841
00:43:45,457 --> 00:43:46,917
in this tour of Babi Yar,

842
00:43:47,084 --> 00:43:49,962
and one of them wrote a report

843
00:43:50,129 --> 00:43:53,257
that was so
riddled with doubts...

844
00:43:53,423 --> 00:43:54,925
<i>A'</i>

845
00:43:55,092 --> 00:43:57,344
So riddled with questions.

846
00:43:57,511 --> 00:43:58,929
<i>A'</i>

847
00:43:59,096 --> 00:44:01,348
If I were a person reading that

848
00:44:01,515 --> 00:44:05,477
and I harbored the least bit
of skepticism

849
00:44:05,644 --> 00:44:07,729
about the veracity
of what was going on,

850
00:44:07,896 --> 00:44:12,568
I could dismiss this as war
propaganda, as atrocity stories.

851
00:44:12,734 --> 00:44:17,156
And atrocity stories are
a shorthand for fake news.

852
00:44:17,322 --> 00:44:22,536
I'm sitting at home in Chicago,
Des Moines, St. Louis, New York,

853
00:44:22,703 --> 00:44:25,289
wherever it might be, and I'm
reading those kind of reports,

854
00:44:25,455 --> 00:44:26,957
I'm saying, "This can't be true.

855
00:44:27,124 --> 00:44:27,958
This can't be true."

856
00:44:28,125 --> 00:44:32,880
<i>A'</i>

857
00:44:33,046 --> 00:44:35,507
Narrator:
In early October 1943,

858
00:44:35,674 --> 00:44:40,012
Heinrich Himmler addressed
a meeting of his SS commanders.

859
00:44:40,179 --> 00:44:45,350
By then, more than 4,500,000
Jews had been murdered.

860
00:44:46,977 --> 00:44:48,979
[Himmler speaking German]

861
00:45:27,851 --> 00:45:29,411
Narrator: Himmler was doing
all he could

862
00:45:29,561 --> 00:45:32,522
to keep that chapter
from being written.

863
00:45:32,689 --> 00:45:35,484
He ordered his men
to dismantle and disguise

864
00:45:35,651 --> 00:45:38,654
the sites of the
killing centers at Sobibor,

865
00:45:38,820 --> 00:45:40,864
Belzec, and Treblinka,

866
00:45:41,031 --> 00:45:43,700
where more than one and a half
million human beings

867
00:45:43,867 --> 00:45:46,286
had been killed,
and he insisted that

868
00:45:46,453 --> 00:45:49,206
prisoners be forced
to dig up the dead,

869
00:45:49,373 --> 00:45:53,877
burn their corpses, and grind
their bones to powder.

870
00:45:54,044 --> 00:45:57,714
Then he had the prisoners who'd
done the ghastly work shot

871
00:45:57,881 --> 00:46:03,220
so that no one would ever tell
what they had seen or done.

872
00:46:03,387 --> 00:46:05,013
Meanwhile, on the Eastern Front,

873
00:46:05,180 --> 00:46:08,558
special "Exhumation Squads"
were now retreating

874
00:46:08,725 --> 00:46:11,520
ahead of the advancing Red Army,

875
00:46:11,687 --> 00:46:13,230
seeing to it
that the mass graves

876
00:46:13,397 --> 00:46:15,732
of the people
whom the Einsatzgruppen

877
00:46:15,899 --> 00:46:17,693
and their accomplices
had murdered

878
00:46:17,859 --> 00:46:21,196
back in 1941 and 1942

879
00:46:21,363 --> 00:46:23,156
were emptied as well.

880
00:46:25,325 --> 00:46:28,745
But in Nazi-occupied Poland,
two killing centers

881
00:46:28,912 --> 00:46:31,873
continued their
daily, deadly work...

882
00:46:32,040 --> 00:46:35,085
Majdanek
and Auschwitz-Birkenau...

883
00:46:35,252 --> 00:46:37,170
While one that had been closed,

884
00:46:37,337 --> 00:46:40,007
Chelmno, took it up again.

885
00:46:42,134 --> 00:46:45,929
Mendelsohn: Interviewing
survivors who could give

886
00:46:46,096 --> 00:46:47,764
firsthand accounts, you know,

887
00:46:47,931 --> 00:46:50,642
people who were young adults
when this happened.

888
00:46:50,809 --> 00:46:54,563
You know, you hear things that,

889
00:46:54,730 --> 00:46:56,273
you... you think
you've heard it all,

890
00:46:56,440 --> 00:46:57,816
and you haven't heard it all.

891
00:46:57,983 --> 00:47:00,944
Trust me.
There are... there's no bottom,

892
00:47:01,111 --> 00:47:02,738
as one of my survivors said,

893
00:47:02,904 --> 00:47:06,616
to the things that people
will do to one another.

894
00:47:08,118 --> 00:47:13,373
The structures of what we
think of as our civilized lives,

895
00:47:13,540 --> 00:47:16,626
they fall apart very easily.

896
00:47:16,793 --> 00:47:18,545
Surprisingly easily.

897
00:47:20,964 --> 00:47:23,133
<i>A'</i>

898
00:47:23,300 --> 00:47:27,262
Woman: I left behind me a few
photos of my nearest ones

899
00:47:27,429 --> 00:47:29,973
in the hope that somebody
would find them

900
00:47:30,140 --> 00:47:33,310
while digging and searching
in the earth,

901
00:47:33,477 --> 00:47:37,564
and that this person would be
so kind as to transmit them

902
00:47:37,731 --> 00:47:42,652
to one of my relatives or
friends in America or Palestine,

903
00:47:42,819 --> 00:47:44,613
if there will still be
any of them left.

904
00:47:44,780 --> 00:47:48,658
<i>A'</i>

905
00:47:48,825 --> 00:47:53,288
My name is Frieda Niselevitch,
born in Vaiguva.

906
00:47:53,455 --> 00:47:58,585
<i>A'</i>

907
00:48:00,212 --> 00:48:07,844
<i>A'</i>

908
00:48:08,011 --> 00:48:10,430
Narrator: Two days after
Himmler's secret speech

909
00:48:10,597 --> 00:48:12,682
<i>and 3 days before '(om Nppur,</i>

910
00:48:12,849 --> 00:48:15,352
the Jewish Day of Atonement,

911
00:48:15,519 --> 00:48:20,023
Peter Bergson arranged for
400 mostly orthodox rabbis

912
00:48:20,190 --> 00:48:22,234
to march to the Capitol.

913
00:48:22,401 --> 00:48:25,028
For fear of
encouraging antisemitism,

914
00:48:25,195 --> 00:48:28,657
FDR's chief speech writer
Sam Rosenman

915
00:48:28,824 --> 00:48:32,160
and most of the handful of
Jewish members of Congress

916
00:48:32,327 --> 00:48:34,746
had opposed their coming.

917
00:48:34,913 --> 00:48:37,707
The rabbis sang
the "Star-Spangled Banner,"

918
00:48:37,874 --> 00:48:41,545
recited the Kaddish,
the Jewish prayer for the dead,

919
00:48:41,711 --> 00:48:44,923
and met with Vice
President Henry A. Wallace.

920
00:48:45,090 --> 00:48:46,758
<i>A'</i>

921
00:48:46,925 --> 00:48:50,303
Man: We pray an appeal
to the Lord, blessed be he,

922
00:48:50,470 --> 00:48:55,684
that our most gracious President
Franklin Delano Roosevelt

923
00:48:55,851 --> 00:49:01,273
consider and recognize this
momentous hour of history

924
00:49:01,440 --> 00:49:06,194
and the responsibility
which the Divine Presence

925
00:49:06,361 --> 00:49:09,114
has laid upon him,
that he may save

926
00:49:09,281 --> 00:49:11,575
the remnant of the people
of the Book,

927
00:49:11,741 --> 00:49:13,743
the people of Israel.

928
00:49:13,910 --> 00:49:17,622
And we pray that
the Lord may aid us

929
00:49:17,789 --> 00:49:20,667
to gain complete
and speedy victory

930
00:49:20,834 --> 00:49:25,505
on all fronts
against our enemies

931
00:49:25,672 --> 00:49:30,093
and that we may be blessed
with everlasting peace.

932
00:49:30,260 --> 00:49:32,095
<i>A'</i>

933
00:49:32,262 --> 00:49:34,806
Narrator: The president
did not see the rabbis.

934
00:49:34,973 --> 00:49:38,435
But they had
an impact nonetheless.

935
00:49:38,602 --> 00:49:42,230
Several senators and congressmen
introduced a resolution

936
00:49:42,397 --> 00:49:45,442
calling for a new commission
tasked with somehow

937
00:49:45,609 --> 00:49:49,362
saving "the surviving
Jewish people of Europe."

938
00:49:51,114 --> 00:49:54,284
Assistant Secretary of State
Breckinridge Long

939
00:49:54,451 --> 00:49:58,788
testified against it for
4 hours behind closed doors.

940
00:49:58,955 --> 00:50:01,583
There was no need for
such a commission, he said,

941
00:50:01,750 --> 00:50:03,752
since the State Department
had welcomed

942
00:50:03,919 --> 00:50:10,383
580,000 "refugees" to America
since 1933.

943
00:50:10,550 --> 00:50:14,471
It was not true.
The real refugee number

944
00:50:14,638 --> 00:50:16,181
was one-third of that.

945
00:50:18,099 --> 00:50:19,827
Lipstadt: Breckinridge Long,
in his testimony,

946
00:50:19,851 --> 00:50:24,147
clearly misrepresents,
some would say lies,

947
00:50:24,314 --> 00:50:25,815
but the best you can say is it's

948
00:50:25,982 --> 00:50:30,487
a total misrepresentation
of America's record.

949
00:50:30,654 --> 00:50:33,198
He was crazed about preventing

950
00:50:33,365 --> 00:50:36,159
any refugees from coming here.

951
00:50:38,161 --> 00:50:40,413
Narrator: The resolution
stalled in the House.

952
00:50:40,580 --> 00:50:42,999
And when Long's testimony
became public

953
00:50:43,166 --> 00:50:44,793
a couple of weeks later,

954
00:50:44,960 --> 00:50:47,379
Brooklyn Congressman
Emanuel Celler

955
00:50:47,546 --> 00:50:49,881
called for his
immediate resignation.

956
00:50:50,048 --> 00:50:52,133
<i>A'</i>

957
00:50:52,300 --> 00:50:54,340
Man as Celler: The tempest-tossed
get little comfort

958
00:50:54,469 --> 00:50:56,596
from men like Breckinridge Long.

959
00:50:56,763 --> 00:50:59,307
If men of
his temperament and philosophy

960
00:50:59,474 --> 00:51:02,686
continue in control of
immigration administration,

961
00:51:02,852 --> 00:51:04,938
we may as well
take down that plaque

962
00:51:05,105 --> 00:51:07,691
from the Statue of
Liberty and black out

963
00:51:07,857 --> 00:51:10,193
the "lamp beside
the golden door."

964
00:51:10,360 --> 00:51:13,113
<i>A'</i>

965
00:51:13,280 --> 00:51:15,198
Narrator: At the end of 1943,

966
00:51:15,365 --> 00:51:17,576
Gerhart Riegner
was still waiting for

967
00:51:17,742 --> 00:51:20,203
the all-important
license he needed

968
00:51:20,370 --> 00:51:22,998
to help Jews
in Romania and France,

969
00:51:23,164 --> 00:51:27,377
which John Pehle had approved
5 months earlier.

970
00:51:27,544 --> 00:51:31,214
Breckinridge Long and his
staff continued to stall,

971
00:51:31,381 --> 00:51:34,968
raising every possible
potential barrier,

972
00:51:35,135 --> 00:51:36,720
even though
the president himself

973
00:51:36,886 --> 00:51:39,264
was on record favoring it.

974
00:51:40,724 --> 00:51:42,726
Pehle: The people who were
handling visa matters,

975
00:51:42,892 --> 00:51:44,561
and the policy of
the State Department,

976
00:51:44,728 --> 00:51:47,647
seemed to be such
that instead of

977
00:51:47,814 --> 00:51:50,692
facilitating the entry
of refugees,

978
00:51:50,859 --> 00:51:53,486
obstructions were thrown
in the way.

979
00:51:53,653 --> 00:51:55,071
It's as simple as that.

980
00:51:56,406 --> 00:51:59,117
Narrator: Treasury Secretary
Henry Morgenthau, Jr.

981
00:51:59,284 --> 00:52:02,412
Was the president's close
friend and upstate neighbor,

982
00:52:02,579 --> 00:52:06,249
as well as the only
Jewish member of his cabinet.

983
00:52:06,416 --> 00:52:09,377
All through the Hitler years,
he had been careful

984
00:52:09,544 --> 00:52:10,879
never to seem to be seeking

985
00:52:11,046 --> 00:52:14,049
special treatment for
his fellow Jews.

986
00:52:14,215 --> 00:52:16,426
But this was too much.

987
00:52:16,593 --> 00:52:20,889
He confronted Long and the
Secretary of State Cordell Hull.

988
00:52:21,056 --> 00:52:24,267
The license was finally issued,

989
00:52:24,434 --> 00:52:25,810
but in the course
of investigating

990
00:52:25,977 --> 00:52:28,063
the reason
for the lengthy delay,

991
00:52:28,229 --> 00:52:31,483
Morgenthau's staff discovered
that the State Department

992
00:52:31,650 --> 00:52:33,777
had deliberately
suppressed Riegner's

993
00:52:33,943 --> 00:52:38,239
reports from Switzerland about
the extermination of the Jews.

994
00:52:38,406 --> 00:52:40,075
<i>A'</i>

995
00:52:40,241 --> 00:52:41,719
Pehle: People in the State
Department were saying,

996
00:52:41,743 --> 00:52:44,037
"Don't send any more
messages over

997
00:52:44,204 --> 00:52:46,289
about what's happening
to the Jews."

998
00:52:47,499 --> 00:52:48,684
Erbelding: The State Department
has been

999
00:52:48,708 --> 00:52:50,126
deliberately obstructionist,

1000
00:52:50,293 --> 00:52:51,795
they have been
delaying relief money

1001
00:52:51,961 --> 00:52:54,464
that could go to
Jews in occupied Europe,

1002
00:52:54,631 --> 00:52:57,634
and lying about it, so that
people would stop rallying,

1003
00:52:57,801 --> 00:52:59,469
they'd stop protesting,
and they'd stop

1004
00:52:59,636 --> 00:53:01,304
asking the government
to do more.

1005
00:53:01,471 --> 00:53:03,390
<i>A'</i>

1006
00:53:03,556 --> 00:53:07,185
Narrator: Morgenthau's outraged
aides wrote an internal report

1007
00:53:07,352 --> 00:53:10,897
setting forth the evidence of
the State Department's deceit.

1008
00:53:11,064 --> 00:53:12,774
<i>A'</i>

1009
00:53:12,941 --> 00:53:15,193
Man: It appears that
certain responsible officials

1010
00:53:15,360 --> 00:53:17,654
of this government
were so fearful that

1011
00:53:17,821 --> 00:53:21,408
this government might act
to save the Jews of Europe

1012
00:53:21,574 --> 00:53:23,910
if the gruesome facts
relating to Hitler's plans

1013
00:53:24,077 --> 00:53:26,538
to exterminate them
became known,

1014
00:53:26,705 --> 00:53:29,833
that they attempted
to suppress the facts.

1015
00:53:29,999 --> 00:53:31,626
<i>A'</i>

1016
00:53:31,793 --> 00:53:34,421
We leave it for your
judgment whether this action

1017
00:53:34,587 --> 00:53:38,633
made such officials the accomplices
of Hitler in this program

1018
00:53:38,800 --> 00:53:41,010
and whether or not
these officials are not

1019
00:53:41,177 --> 00:53:44,305
war criminals in every
sense of the term.

1020
00:53:44,472 --> 00:53:46,516
<i>A'</i>

1021
00:53:46,683 --> 00:53:48,810
Narrator: Treasury staff
titled the document

1022
00:53:48,977 --> 00:53:51,688
"Report to the Secretary
on the Acquiescence

1023
00:53:51,855 --> 00:53:55,191
of this Government in
the Murder of the Jews"...

1024
00:53:55,358 --> 00:53:56,484
<i>A'</i>

1025
00:53:56,651 --> 00:53:58,194
But Morgenthau, who understood

1026
00:53:58,361 --> 00:54:00,196
his boss better than most,

1027
00:54:00,363 --> 00:54:02,657
toned down
the accusatory rhetoric

1028
00:54:02,824 --> 00:54:04,451
and renamed it simply

1029
00:54:04,617 --> 00:54:07,078
"Personal Report
to the President."

1030
00:54:07,245 --> 00:54:08,913
<i>A'</i>

1031
00:54:09,080 --> 00:54:11,666
M0rgenthau's own father,
who had been the ambassador

1032
00:54:11,833 --> 00:54:14,002
to what was then
the Ottoman Empire

1033
00:54:14,169 --> 00:54:17,547
between 1915 and 1916,

1034
00:54:17,714 --> 00:54:20,717
had tried unsuccessfully
to persuade

1035
00:54:20,884 --> 00:54:22,594
President Woodrow Wilson

1036
00:54:22,761 --> 00:54:25,430
to intervene on behalf
of hundreds of thousands of

1037
00:54:25,597 --> 00:54:27,640
Armenian civilians
who were being

1038
00:54:27,807 --> 00:54:31,311
systematically massacred
by Ottoman troops.

1039
00:54:31,478 --> 00:54:32,562
<i>A'</i>

1040
00:54:32,729 --> 00:54:34,606
He had called it "race murder."

1041
00:54:34,773 --> 00:54:37,066
<i>A'</i>

1042
00:54:37,233 --> 00:54:39,611
Erbelding: Henry, Jr.,
went to Turkey,

1043
00:54:39,778 --> 00:54:41,821
went to Constantinople,
now Istanbul,

1044
00:54:41,988 --> 00:54:46,201
to see his father as all of
these events were unfolding.

1045
00:54:46,367 --> 00:54:48,578
He points to that
directly to Roosevelt.

1046
00:54:48,745 --> 00:54:50,580
He says, "You remember
what my father saw.

1047
00:54:50,747 --> 00:54:52,707
"You remember what
I saw in Armenia.

1048
00:54:52,874 --> 00:54:54,751
We can't let this
happen again."

1049
00:54:55,960 --> 00:54:57,670
To be
the Secretary of the Treasury

1050
00:54:57,837 --> 00:55:00,131
and to be in a position
to actually point his friend

1051
00:55:00,298 --> 00:55:02,300
to the past and to say,

1052
00:55:02,467 --> 00:55:04,552
"We have the chance to
do it better this time."

1053
00:55:04,719 --> 00:55:05,804
<i>A'</i>

1054
00:55:05,970 --> 00:55:07,031
Narrator: After a meeting with

1055
00:55:07,055 --> 00:55:08,932
Morgenthau and Pehle,

1056
00:55:09,098 --> 00:55:14,521
Roosevelt issued an executive
order on January 22nd, 1944,

1057
00:55:14,687 --> 00:55:17,524
establishing the War
Refugee Board...

1058
00:55:17,690 --> 00:55:21,903
The only government agency
created by any of the Allies

1059
00:55:22,070 --> 00:55:24,072
specifically to do what it could

1060
00:55:24,239 --> 00:55:27,325
for the Jews still under
Nazi threat.

1061
00:55:27,492 --> 00:55:28,660
<i>A'</i>

1062
00:55:28,827 --> 00:55:30,829
Treasury was in charge

1063
00:55:30,995 --> 00:55:32,997
and John Pehle
was made director,

1064
00:55:33,164 --> 00:55:35,291
determined to perform
what he called

1065
00:55:35,458 --> 00:55:38,294
"a simple life-saving job."

1066
00:55:38,461 --> 00:55:39,587
<i>A'</i>

1067
00:55:39,754 --> 00:55:40,898
Pehle: The most important thing

1068
00:55:40,922 --> 00:55:42,006
about the War Refugee Board

1069
00:55:42,173 --> 00:55:44,676
was that it dramatically changed

1070
00:55:44,843 --> 00:55:47,637
the policy of
the United States, overnight.

1071
00:55:47,804 --> 00:55:49,722
<i>A'</i>

1072
00:55:49,889 --> 00:55:52,892
Erbelding: 5 million Jews have
already been killed in Europe.

1073
00:55:53,059 --> 00:55:54,978
But there are millions
who are still there,

1074
00:55:55,144 --> 00:55:57,939
who are in hiding,
who are in concentration camps,

1075
00:55:58,106 --> 00:56:00,942
who are still, they think,
in relative safety,

1076
00:56:01,109 --> 00:56:05,905
who could get out, could be
rescued, could cross borders,

1077
00:56:06,072 --> 00:56:09,492
could be kept alive
long enough to be liberated.

1078
00:56:09,659 --> 00:56:11,244
<i>A'</i>

1079
00:56:11,411 --> 00:56:12,596
Narrator: The work undertaken
by the Board's

1080
00:56:12,620 --> 00:56:14,205
representatives in Europe

1081
00:56:14,372 --> 00:56:17,750
was improvisational
and clandestine.

1082
00:56:17,917 --> 00:56:22,005
Official U.S. policy
forbade paying bribes.

1083
00:56:22,171 --> 00:56:25,091
Pehle's men
paid little attention.

1084
00:56:25,258 --> 00:56:27,010
<i>A'</i>

1085
00:56:27,176 --> 00:56:28,445
Erbelding: The first thing
that the War Refugee Board

1086
00:56:28,469 --> 00:56:29,679
does once it's created is to

1087
00:56:29,846 --> 00:56:31,639
streamline the license process,

1088
00:56:31,806 --> 00:56:34,142
meaning humanitarian
aid organizations

1089
00:56:34,309 --> 00:56:37,896
can send money into Europe
much easier.

1090
00:56:38,062 --> 00:56:39,782
By the end of the war,
the War Refugee Board

1091
00:56:39,939 --> 00:56:42,692
has approved about $11 million
in humanitarian aid

1092
00:56:42,859 --> 00:56:44,527
to go into Nazi Europe.

1093
00:56:44,694 --> 00:56:47,030
That money was used to buy guns
for the underground;

1094
00:56:47,196 --> 00:56:49,157
it was used to pay off
border guards.

1095
00:56:49,324 --> 00:56:51,534
<i>A'</i>

1096
00:56:51,701 --> 00:56:53,077
The plight of Jews varied,

1097
00:56:53,244 --> 00:56:54,871
depending on where you were
in Europe.

1098
00:56:55,038 --> 00:56:56,599
If you were in France,
you might be able to escape

1099
00:56:56,623 --> 00:56:59,626
to the border in Spain
or Switzerland.

1100
00:56:59,792 --> 00:57:01,472
And, so, the United States
puts pressure on

1101
00:57:01,544 --> 00:57:03,713
border guards in Spain
and Switzerland.

1102
00:57:03,880 --> 00:57:05,214
<i>A'</i>

1103
00:57:05,381 --> 00:57:06,925
If you were
in Romania or Bulgaria,

1104
00:57:07,091 --> 00:57:08,843
you might be able
to board a ship

1105
00:57:09,010 --> 00:57:11,930
and make it to Turkey, and then
by train to Palestine.

1106
00:57:12,096 --> 00:57:14,223
So, the War Refugee Board
works with governments

1107
00:57:14,390 --> 00:57:16,392
to make that process easier.

1108
00:57:16,559 --> 00:57:17,894
<i>A'</i>

1109
00:57:18,061 --> 00:57:19,729
And if you're in Poland,
you may need

1110
00:57:19,896 --> 00:57:21,940
food packages or documents

1111
00:57:22,106 --> 00:57:23,650
that would allow you to hide,

1112
00:57:23,816 --> 00:57:26,235
so, the War Refugee Board
tries to help with that.

1113
00:57:26,402 --> 00:57:29,280
And, so, they had a whole
host of different plans

1114
00:57:29,447 --> 00:57:32,408
that had real impact
on the lives of the people

1115
00:57:32,575 --> 00:57:33,660
who managed to survive.

1116
00:57:33,826 --> 00:57:37,580
<i>A'</i>

1117
00:57:37,747 --> 00:57:39,667
Narrator: Much of the Board's
most effective work

1118
00:57:39,749 --> 00:57:43,503
was focused on Hungary,
which in early 1944

1119
00:57:43,670 --> 00:57:46,965
was still home
to some 800,000 Jews,

1120
00:57:47,131 --> 00:57:51,094
the largest remaining
population in Europe.

1121
00:57:51,260 --> 00:57:53,304
Its Regent,
Admiral Miklos Horthy,

1122
00:57:53,471 --> 00:57:56,391
had been a Nazi ally since 1941,

1123
00:57:56,557 --> 00:57:58,851
when his troops joined
the German invasion

1124
00:57:59,018 --> 00:58:01,270
of the Soviet Union.

1125
00:58:01,437 --> 00:58:03,690
[Gunfire, explosions]

1126
00:58:03,856 --> 00:58:05,191
But most of the Hungarian army

1127
00:58:05,358 --> 00:58:08,903
had been destroyed
at Stalingrad.

1128
00:58:09,070 --> 00:58:11,572
Because Nazi defeat
now seemed inevitable,

1129
00:58:11,739 --> 00:58:14,283
Horthy began
secretly exploring whether

1130
00:58:14,450 --> 00:58:17,954
a separate peace with
the Allies might be possible.

1131
00:58:19,288 --> 00:58:20,707
When Hitler got word of it,

1132
00:58:20,873 --> 00:58:23,126
he sent in troops
to occupy the country

1133
00:58:23,292 --> 00:58:25,920
and insisted that
Horthy cooperate in

1134
00:58:26,087 --> 00:58:28,756
ridding Hungary of
its Jewish population.

1135
00:58:28,923 --> 00:58:32,468
<i>A'</i>

1136
00:58:32,635 --> 00:58:39,142
Between May and July 1944,
some 440,000 Hungarian Jews

1137
00:58:39,308 --> 00:58:41,728
would be rounded up
and deported.

1138
00:58:41,894 --> 00:58:43,646
<i>A'</i>

1139
00:58:43,813 --> 00:58:48,985
338,000 of them were killed
immediately at Auschwitz...

1140
00:58:49,152 --> 00:58:52,321
So many that the 4 crematoria
were not enough

1141
00:58:52,488 --> 00:58:56,034
and fire pits had to be dug
and constantly tended

1142
00:58:56,200 --> 00:58:58,411
to dispose of all the corpses.

1143
00:58:58,578 --> 00:59:00,496
<i>A'</i>

1144
00:59:00,663 --> 00:59:03,166
Members of the Polish
underground managed to smuggle

1145
00:59:03,332 --> 00:59:07,378
a camera into Auschwitz
so that 5 courageous inmates

1146
00:59:07,545 --> 00:59:09,338
could document
what was happening to

1147
00:59:09,505 --> 00:59:12,341
the Hungarians
and other prisoners.

1148
00:59:12,508 --> 00:59:14,844
[Camera's shutter clicks]
While 4 men kept watch,

1149
00:59:15,011 --> 00:59:18,056
a fifth snapped 4 pictures
from the hip,

1150
00:59:18,222 --> 00:59:21,142
not daring to take the time to focus.
[Camera's shutter clicks]

1151
00:59:21,309 --> 00:59:23,019
The film was smuggled
out of the camp

1152
00:59:23,186 --> 00:59:26,856
inside a tube of toothpaste.
[Camera's shutter clicks]

1153
00:59:27,023 --> 00:59:28,691
They remain the only photographs

1154
00:59:28,858 --> 00:59:31,569
of the killing process
at Auschwitz.

1155
00:59:31,736 --> 00:59:36,866
[Camera's shutter clicks] ♪

1156
00:59:37,033 --> 00:59:39,744
Meanwhile, in Hungary,
the War Refugee Board

1157
00:59:39,911 --> 00:59:42,872
helped orchestrate a massive
international series of

1158
00:59:43,039 --> 00:59:47,043
threats and condemnations
aimed at persuading Horthy

1159
00:59:47,210 --> 00:59:49,921
to stop cooperating
in the killing.

1160
00:59:51,130 --> 00:59:53,424
Then, on July 2nd, U.S. bombers

1161
00:59:53,591 --> 00:59:57,386
hit oil refineries on
the outskirts of Budapest

1162
00:59:57,553 --> 00:59:59,347
and dropped leaflets on the city

1163
00:59:59,514 --> 01:00:02,225
promising punishment
for perpetrators.

1164
01:00:03,643 --> 01:00:07,730
5 days later, Horthy called
a halt to the deportations.

1165
01:00:10,066 --> 01:00:13,069
Hungary's provinces had been
emptied of Jews,

1166
01:00:13,236 --> 01:00:18,491
but some 230,000 still
survived in Budapest itself,

1167
01:00:18,658 --> 01:00:21,661
subject to persecution,
fearful that

1168
01:00:21,828 --> 01:00:24,956
the transports
might resume at any time.

1169
01:00:26,707 --> 01:00:29,168
To protect them... and to
glean firsthand accounts

1170
01:00:29,335 --> 01:00:31,170
of what was happening
in Hungary...

1171
01:00:31,337 --> 01:00:34,507
The War Refugee Board
called upon neutral nations,

1172
01:00:34,674 --> 01:00:38,094
including Switzerland,
Portugal, and Sweden,

1173
01:00:38,261 --> 01:00:42,515
to expand their diplomatic
presence in the country.

1174
01:00:42,682 --> 01:00:45,935
Their diplomats in Budapest
began issuing so-called

1175
01:00:46,102 --> 01:00:49,397
"protective documents"
to desperate Jews...

1176
01:00:49,564 --> 01:00:53,442
Sheets of paper
emblazoned with coats of arms

1177
01:00:53,609 --> 01:00:55,820
and peppered with
official-looking stamps,

1178
01:00:55,987 --> 01:01:00,032
intended to persuade Hungarian
police and German officials

1179
01:01:00,199 --> 01:01:04,787
that the bearer was under
international protection.

1180
01:01:04,954 --> 01:01:07,123
Man: It's no coincidence
that the War Refugee Board

1181
01:01:07,290 --> 01:01:09,333
ends up making
a difference in Hungary

1182
01:01:09,500 --> 01:01:11,836
because that's a,
that's a country

1183
01:01:12,003 --> 01:01:14,547
which is a sovereign state,
which still has diplomats,

1184
01:01:14,714 --> 01:01:16,632
where a diplomat can be sent in,

1185
01:01:16,799 --> 01:01:18,301
with briefcases full of money,

1186
01:01:18,467 --> 01:01:21,137
and issue documents
and make a difference.

1187
01:01:21,304 --> 01:01:23,264
<i>A'</i>

1188
01:01:23,431 --> 01:01:26,893
Narrator: On July 9th, a
31-year-old Swedish businessman

1189
01:01:27,059 --> 01:01:29,979
named Raoul Wallenberg
arrived in Budapest

1190
01:01:30,146 --> 01:01:32,231
to accelerate that process.

1191
01:01:32,398 --> 01:01:34,817
Appointed a Swedish attache

1192
01:01:34,984 --> 01:01:37,153
but recruited
and partially financed

1193
01:01:37,320 --> 01:01:39,155
by the War Refugee Board,

1194
01:01:39,322 --> 01:01:41,824
he saw his mission
as carrying out

1195
01:01:41,991 --> 01:01:44,785
an "American program."

1196
01:01:44,952 --> 01:01:48,331
He established hospitals,
nurseries, and a soup kitchen,

1197
01:01:48,497 --> 01:01:51,167
issued thousands of
protective papers,

1198
01:01:51,334 --> 01:01:53,836
and rented 32 "safe-houses"

1199
01:01:54,003 --> 01:01:55,254
for those who carried them.

1200
01:01:55,421 --> 01:01:57,423
<i>A'</i>

1201
01:01:57,590 --> 01:01:59,717
Diplomats from other
neutral countries

1202
01:01:59,884 --> 01:02:02,929
also participated in
rescue operations,

1203
01:02:03,095 --> 01:02:07,266
most notably the Swiss
vice-consul Carl Lutz.

1204
01:02:07,433 --> 01:02:09,227
<i>A'</i>

1205
01:02:09,393 --> 01:02:12,647
Soon, some 37,000 Jews
were living under

1206
01:02:12,813 --> 01:02:14,899
Swedish and Swiss protection

1207
01:02:15,066 --> 01:02:18,069
in what was called
the "international ghetto."

1208
01:02:18,236 --> 01:02:22,073
<i>A'</i>

1209
01:02:22,240 --> 01:02:24,200
When Hitler replaced
the Horthy government

1210
01:02:24,367 --> 01:02:26,160
with more ardent fascists,

1211
01:02:26,327 --> 01:02:29,205
who resumed
the deportation of Jews,

1212
01:02:29,372 --> 01:02:32,375
Wallenberg intervened
as often as he could

1213
01:02:32,541 --> 01:02:33,821
to win the release of those with

1214
01:02:33,960 --> 01:02:36,504
protective or forged papers.

1215
01:02:36,671 --> 01:02:39,215
<i>A'</i>

1216
01:02:39,382 --> 01:02:43,177
Of the nearly 150,000
Jews in Budapest

1217
01:02:43,344 --> 01:02:44,971
who would survive the war,

1218
01:02:45,137 --> 01:02:47,807
some 120,000 are thought to have

1219
01:02:47,974 --> 01:02:50,393
owed their lives
to Raoul Wallenberg

1220
01:02:50,559 --> 01:02:53,604
and his fellow diplomats
from neutral nations.

1221
01:02:53,771 --> 01:02:55,690
<i>A'</i>

1222
01:02:55,856 --> 01:02:57,233
It is impossible to tally

1223
01:02:57,400 --> 01:02:59,568
how many tens of thousands
of lives

1224
01:02:59,735 --> 01:03:01,946
the War Refugee Board saved,

1225
01:03:02,113 --> 01:03:04,699
directly or indirectly.

1226
01:03:04,865 --> 01:03:06,367
<i>A'</i>

1227
01:03:06,534 --> 01:03:07,910
Erbelding: These were Americans

1228
01:03:08,077 --> 01:03:10,913
who were
really trying to do good.

1229
01:03:11,080 --> 01:03:12,415
<i>A'</i>

1230
01:03:12,581 --> 01:03:14,292
And we have
forgotten them, in part,

1231
01:03:14,458 --> 01:03:17,044
because we have this longer
narrative and trajectory

1232
01:03:17,211 --> 01:03:20,506
in our memory of the United
States not doing enough,

1233
01:03:20,673 --> 01:03:22,133
being indifferent,
being deceitful,

1234
01:03:22,300 --> 01:03:24,802
not trying to save people.

1235
01:03:24,969 --> 01:03:26,889
There is a group of people
in the U.S. government

1236
01:03:26,929 --> 01:03:30,933
who were trying and who saved
tens of thousands of lives

1237
01:03:31,100 --> 01:03:32,768
by the end of World War ll.

1238
01:03:32,935 --> 01:03:34,270
<i>A'</i>

1239
01:03:34,437 --> 01:03:36,105
That is not insignificant.

1240
01:03:36,272 --> 01:03:39,859
<i>A'</i>

1241
01:03:40,026 --> 01:03:42,028
[Static]

1242
01:03:43,279 --> 01:03:45,614
Man on radio: This is
the BBC Home service.

1243
01:03:45,781 --> 01:03:48,159
Communique number one, issued by

1244
01:03:48,326 --> 01:03:51,620
supreme headquarters
allied expeditionary force.

1245
01:03:51,787 --> 01:03:53,331
[Static]

1246
01:03:53,497 --> 01:03:55,875
Dwight D. Eisenhower:
People of western Europe,

1247
01:03:56,042 --> 01:03:57,376
a landing was made this morning

1248
01:03:57,543 --> 01:03:59,295
on the coast of France
by troops of

1249
01:03:59,462 --> 01:04:01,630
the allied expeditionary force.

1250
01:04:06,635 --> 01:04:09,972
This landing is part of the
concerted United Nations plan

1251
01:04:10,139 --> 01:04:11,640
for the liberation of Europe...

1252
01:04:14,143 --> 01:04:16,937
made in conjunction with
our great Russian allies.

1253
01:04:18,439 --> 01:04:20,149
I have this message
for all of you.

1254
01:04:22,485 --> 01:04:23,986
[Gunfire]

1255
01:04:24,153 --> 01:04:25,953
Although the initial assault
may not have been

1256
01:04:25,988 --> 01:04:27,907
made in your own country,

1257
01:04:28,074 --> 01:04:30,701
the hour of your liberation
is approaching.

1258
01:04:34,538 --> 01:04:36,332
Man: This concludes
the broadcast from

1259
01:04:36,499 --> 01:04:38,250
supreme headquarters allied...

1260
01:04:38,417 --> 01:04:42,922
Girl as Anne Frank:
Tuesday, 6 June, 1944.

1261
01:04:43,089 --> 01:04:47,093
"This is D-Day,"
the BBC announced at 12.

1262
01:04:47,259 --> 01:04:50,846
"This is the day."
The invasion has begun!

1263
01:04:51,013 --> 01:04:52,473
<i>A'</i>

1264
01:04:52,640 --> 01:04:54,350
The best part about
the invasion is that

1265
01:04:54,517 --> 01:04:58,020
I have the feeling that
friends are on their way.

1266
01:04:58,187 --> 01:05:01,357
Those awful Germans have
oppressed and threatened us

1267
01:05:01,524 --> 01:05:05,027
for so long that the thought
of friends and salvation

1268
01:05:05,194 --> 01:05:07,071
means everything to us!

1269
01:05:12,618 --> 01:05:15,663
Narrator: Within 24 hours,
the Allies had torn

1270
01:05:15,830 --> 01:05:20,376
a 45-mile gap in Hitler's
Atlantic Wall in Normandy.

1271
01:05:20,543 --> 01:05:22,586
<i>A'</i>

1272
01:05:22,753 --> 01:05:27,591
More than 150,000 men were
already ashore in France,

1273
01:05:27,758 --> 01:05:30,678
and more men and more equipment
and supplies

1274
01:05:30,845 --> 01:05:34,515
were coming ashore every day.

1275
01:05:34,682 --> 01:05:38,352
Stern: And then I was
suddenly on French soil.

1276
01:05:38,519 --> 01:05:43,774
And a voice from a few hundred
yards away,

1277
01:05:43,941 --> 01:05:46,402
one of my buddies, was shouting,

1278
01:05:46,569 --> 01:05:48,821
"Stern, get the hell over here.

1279
01:05:48,988 --> 01:05:50,573
"We've got too many prisoners

1280
01:05:50,739 --> 01:05:53,242
and we've got to have you."

1281
01:05:53,409 --> 01:05:55,911
Narrator: Guy Stern, now
a staff sergeant,

1282
01:05:56,078 --> 01:05:58,789
came ashore on
D-Day plus three.

1283
01:05:58,956 --> 01:06:01,792
He was part of a special Army
intelligence unit

1284
01:06:01,959 --> 01:06:05,212
that included many Jewish
refugees trained

1285
01:06:05,379 --> 01:06:09,258
to interrogate enemy soldiers as
they surrendered.

1286
01:06:09,425 --> 01:06:12,720
Stern: My own
personal incentive was

1287
01:06:12,887 --> 01:06:15,097
if I help shorten the war,

1288
01:06:15,264 --> 01:06:18,893
let's say by an hour,
I have a chance.

1289
01:06:19,059 --> 01:06:23,189
If my family somehow escaped

1290
01:06:23,355 --> 01:06:26,442
the same perils as the others,

1291
01:06:26,609 --> 01:06:30,488
I would be there still
in the nick of time

1292
01:06:30,654 --> 01:06:33,782
to be their savior.

1293
01:06:33,949 --> 01:06:36,911
[Rumbling]

1294
01:06:37,077 --> 01:06:38,662
Narrator: Over the next
3 months,

1295
01:06:38,829 --> 01:06:41,165
nearly 50,000 Americans

1296
01:06:41,332 --> 01:06:43,417
would die in the struggle
to liberate

1297
01:06:43,584 --> 01:06:46,504
western Europe from the Nazis.

1298
01:06:46,670 --> 01:06:48,380
[Explosion]

1299
01:06:48,547 --> 01:06:51,175
As the Allies fought
their way inland,

1300
01:06:51,342 --> 01:06:53,219
Guy Stern and his comrades

1301
01:06:53,385 --> 01:06:55,846
would cross-examine hundreds
of prisoners,

1302
01:06:56,013 --> 01:06:59,141
gleaning vital information
about troop movements

1303
01:06:59,308 --> 01:07:02,061
and the location of
industrial targets.

1304
01:07:02,228 --> 01:07:04,980
And they interrogated
a Nazi doctor

1305
01:07:05,147 --> 01:07:08,567
who proudly boasted that he had
overseen the killing

1306
01:07:08,734 --> 01:07:10,819
of thousands of disabled people

1307
01:07:10,986 --> 01:07:14,156
Hitler had called
"unworthy of life."

1308
01:07:16,033 --> 01:07:17,910
Meanwhile, the Red Army,

1309
01:07:18,077 --> 01:07:20,663
which had suffered millions
of casualties,

1310
01:07:20,829 --> 01:07:23,165
was moving westward into Poland.

1311
01:07:23,332 --> 01:07:25,084
[Film reel clicking]

1312
01:07:25,251 --> 01:07:28,754
As it did, it came upon
the death camp at Majdanek,

1313
01:07:28,921 --> 01:07:34,218
where 18,000 Jews had been
murdered in a single day in 1943

1314
01:07:34,385 --> 01:07:38,847
in an operation the SS called
the "Harvest Festival."

1315
01:07:40,849 --> 01:07:44,353
The spectacle of hundreds of
starving prisoners of war

1316
01:07:44,520 --> 01:07:47,523
the Germans had abandoned
and the stark evidence

1317
01:07:47,690 --> 01:07:50,317
of the industrial scope of
the Nazi slaughter

1318
01:07:50,484 --> 01:07:52,444
offered Allied correspondents

1319
01:07:52,611 --> 01:07:56,323
their first look
at a German killing center.

1320
01:07:58,534 --> 01:08:00,786
Lipstadt: When
Majdanek is liberated,

1321
01:08:00,953 --> 01:08:02,746
American reporters are there,

1322
01:08:02,913 --> 01:08:06,917
and they send back reports that
are devoid of the doubts

1323
01:08:07,084 --> 01:08:08,711
that were shown when Babi Yar

1324
01:08:08,877 --> 01:08:12,881
was liberated a few months
earlier.

1325
01:08:13,048 --> 01:08:15,884
Americans are beginning to get
the picture.

1326
01:08:17,553 --> 01:08:20,306
Man: I am now prepared to
believe any story

1327
01:08:20,472 --> 01:08:22,224
of German atrocities,

1328
01:08:22,391 --> 01:08:27,021
no matter how savage, cruel,
and depraved.

1329
01:08:27,187 --> 01:08:29,148
William H. Lawrence.

1330
01:08:34,111 --> 01:08:35,904
<i>A'</i>

1331
01:08:36,071 --> 01:08:38,657
Man on newsreel: 20,000
wounded arriving in New York.

1332
01:08:38,824 --> 01:08:41,910
And there it is,
the good old USA...

1333
01:08:42,077 --> 01:08:47,166
Narrator: On August 3, 1944,
a 29-ship Navy convoy

1334
01:08:47,333 --> 01:08:49,918
steamed into New York harbor.

1335
01:08:50,085 --> 01:08:52,546
The troop transport
"Henry Gibbins"

1336
01:08:52,713 --> 01:08:56,175
carried wounded
soldiers and sailors,

1337
01:08:56,342 --> 01:09:00,679
but also aboard were
982 civilian refugees

1338
01:09:00,846 --> 01:09:03,223
belonging to 18 countries,

1339
01:09:03,390 --> 01:09:06,018
chosen from among
thousands of refugees

1340
01:09:06,185 --> 01:09:10,814
who had managed to reach
Allied territory in Italy.

1341
01:09:10,981 --> 01:09:15,778
Their destination was
Fort Ontario, New York.

1342
01:09:15,944 --> 01:09:18,781
Ray Morgan: Under the supervision
of the War Relocation Authority,

1343
01:09:18,947 --> 01:09:21,825
this train is bearing
982 refugees

1344
01:09:21,992 --> 01:09:23,619
from Hitler's total war.

1345
01:09:23,786 --> 01:09:25,621
Admitted to the United States...

1346
01:09:25,788 --> 01:09:27,891
Narrator: The rationale for
their arrival had originated

1347
01:09:27,915 --> 01:09:30,876
with John Pehle and the War
Refugee Board,

1348
01:09:31,043 --> 01:09:33,003
who proposed a trial program

1349
01:09:33,170 --> 01:09:35,547
going outside the quota system

1350
01:09:35,714 --> 01:09:39,134
to bring refugees to camps
in the U.S.

1351
01:09:39,301 --> 01:09:42,805
until the war was over and they
could return home.

1352
01:09:42,971 --> 01:09:45,224
<i>A'</i>

1353
01:09:45,391 --> 01:09:47,893
The White House commissioned
a Gallup Poll

1354
01:09:48,060 --> 01:09:52,481
that showed 70% of Americans
now supported the idea

1355
01:09:52,648 --> 01:09:56,819
of sheltering refugees from
Europe temporarily.

1356
01:09:56,985 --> 01:10:00,739
918 of the refugees were Jewish.

1357
01:10:00,906 --> 01:10:04,368
The rest belonged to various
Christian denominations,

1358
01:10:04,535 --> 01:10:07,162
included so that
the public would not think

1359
01:10:07,329 --> 01:10:10,791
this was exclusively
"a Jewish refugee project."

1360
01:10:10,958 --> 01:10:12,626
<i>A'</i>

1361
01:10:12,793 --> 01:10:15,838
To some refugees, it seemed
all-too-reminiscent

1362
01:10:16,004 --> 01:10:18,799
of the concentration camps
they had escaped...

1363
01:10:18,966 --> 01:10:22,803
Run-down barracks walled-in by
chain-link fences

1364
01:10:22,970 --> 01:10:25,806
topped with barbed wire.

1365
01:10:25,973 --> 01:10:28,684
But most felt relief
and gratitude.

1366
01:10:28,851 --> 01:10:31,395
"This is paradise," one said.

1367
01:10:31,562 --> 01:10:36,775
Another exulted that she now had
"a villa on Lake Ontario."

1368
01:10:36,942 --> 01:10:40,320
"This is the first time I have
been happy in 11 years,"

1369
01:10:40,487 --> 01:10:42,906
said a third.

1370
01:10:43,073 --> 01:10:46,535
A few local citizens resented
the foreigners,

1371
01:10:46,702 --> 01:10:49,371
but most townspeople
proved friendly.

1372
01:10:49,538 --> 01:10:53,041
Soon, they were passing food
and milk, dolls,

1373
01:10:53,208 --> 01:10:55,961
and even bicycles over
the barbed wire.

1374
01:10:56,128 --> 01:10:59,381
Refugee children were enrolled
in public school,

1375
01:10:59,548 --> 01:11:02,468
the Boy Scouts,
and the Brownies.

1376
01:11:02,634 --> 01:11:05,387
Their parents were given
day-passes,

1377
01:11:05,554 --> 01:11:08,724
but forbidden to work
outside the compound

1378
01:11:08,891 --> 01:11:13,187
so that they would not compete
for American jobs.

1379
01:11:13,353 --> 01:11:18,567
The First Lady and Henry Morgenthau's
wife visited the refugees.

1380
01:11:18,734 --> 01:11:21,528
Mrs. Roosevelt was moved by
the "character"

1381
01:11:21,695 --> 01:11:24,156
which had brought them through
so much, she said,

1382
01:11:24,323 --> 01:11:27,034
and privately thought it
"perfectly silly"

1383
01:11:27,201 --> 01:11:30,412
that they were required to
return home one day.

1384
01:11:30,579 --> 01:11:34,541
And after the war, she would be
instrumental in seeing to it

1385
01:11:34,708 --> 01:11:37,503
that all who wished to
remain in the United States

1386
01:11:37,669 --> 01:11:39,922
were allowed to do so.

1387
01:11:42,216 --> 01:11:43,926
But for the rest of the war,

1388
01:11:44,092 --> 01:11:47,846
no more refugees outside
the limited quotas

1389
01:11:48,013 --> 01:11:52,643
would be offered even temporary
shelter in the United States.

1390
01:11:54,228 --> 01:11:56,146
<i>A'</i>

1391
01:11:56,313 --> 01:11:59,107
Girl as Anne Frank: I still
believe, in spite of everything,

1392
01:11:59,274 --> 01:12:02,236
that people are truly good
at heart.

1393
01:12:02,402 --> 01:12:06,156
It is utterly impossible for me
to build my life

1394
01:12:06,323 --> 01:12:10,744
on a foundation of chaos,
suffering, and death.

1395
01:12:10,911 --> 01:12:15,123
I see the world being slowly
transformed into a wilderness.

1396
01:12:15,290 --> 01:12:17,292
I hear the approaching thunder

1397
01:12:17,459 --> 01:12:19,753
that one day will destroy us,
too.

1398
01:12:19,920 --> 01:12:21,880
<i>A'</i>

1399
01:12:22,047 --> 01:12:25,801
I feel the suffering of
millions.

1400
01:12:25,968 --> 01:12:29,471
And yet, when I look up
at the sky,

1401
01:12:29,638 --> 01:12:33,976
I somehow feel that everything
will change for the better,

1402
01:12:34,142 --> 01:12:36,687
that this cruelty too will end,

1403
01:12:36,854 --> 01:12:41,608
that peace and tranquility
will return once more.

1404
01:12:41,775 --> 01:12:46,613
In the meantime, I must
hold onto my ideals.

1405
01:12:46,780 --> 01:12:49,366
Perhaps the day will come

1406
01:12:49,533 --> 01:12:52,327
when I'll be able
to realize them.

1407
01:12:52,494 --> 01:12:55,831
<i>A'</i>

1408
01:12:55,998 --> 01:12:58,917
Narrator: The Frank family had
managed to evade the Germans

1409
01:12:59,084 --> 01:13:02,588
in Amsterdam for two years
and one month.

1410
01:13:04,047 --> 01:13:08,176
But on August 4, 1944,
a Nazi officer

1411
01:13:08,343 --> 01:13:11,221
and several Dutch
policemen arrested them

1412
01:13:11,388 --> 01:13:14,808
and the other residents of
their secret annex.

1413
01:13:14,975 --> 01:13:17,144
They were sent to Westerbork,

1414
01:13:17,311 --> 01:13:20,063
a holding camp in the
Netherlands for Jews

1415
01:13:20,230 --> 01:13:22,900
awaiting deportation
to the East.

1416
01:13:23,066 --> 01:13:25,944
There, they were housed in
Barrack 67

1417
01:13:26,111 --> 01:13:27,696
in the punishment block,

1418
01:13:27,863 --> 01:13:31,867
reserved for those who had been
caught hiding.

1419
01:13:32,034 --> 01:13:35,203
Their heads shaved,
with too little to eat,

1420
01:13:35,370 --> 01:13:39,041
they were put to work turning
parts of downed Allied aircraft

1421
01:13:39,207 --> 01:13:41,251
into useful scrap.

1422
01:13:43,670 --> 01:13:45,213
Trains had been leaving the camp

1423
01:13:45,380 --> 01:13:48,008
for occupied Poland
every Tuesday.

1424
01:13:48,175 --> 01:13:50,719
The Frank family was forced
to board theirs

1425
01:13:50,886 --> 01:13:54,598
on September 3, 1944,

1426
01:13:54,765 --> 01:13:58,268
along with 1,015 other people.

1427
01:13:58,435 --> 01:14:00,938
<i>A'</i>

1428
01:14:01,104 --> 01:14:04,441
Theirs would be the last train
from Westerbork.

1429
01:14:04,608 --> 01:14:06,234
<i>A'</i>

1430
01:14:06,401 --> 01:14:08,737
It would take them
3 days and two nights

1431
01:14:08,904 --> 01:14:11,156
to reach their destination...

1432
01:14:11,323 --> 01:14:12,824
Auschwitz.

1433
01:14:12,991 --> 01:14:15,619
<i>A'</i>

1434
01:14:15,786 --> 01:14:17,955
The Geiringer family had been
rounded up

1435
01:14:18,121 --> 01:14:19,790
earlier by the Gestapo

1436
01:14:19,957 --> 01:14:23,043
and deported to Auschwitz
as well.

1437
01:14:23,210 --> 01:14:26,463
Geiringer: The Nazis
never told you anything.

1438
01:14:26,630 --> 01:14:29,049
So we had no idea where
we were going,

1439
01:14:29,216 --> 01:14:31,134
what was going to happen to us.

1440
01:14:31,301 --> 01:14:33,762
And there were some work camps,

1441
01:14:33,929 --> 01:14:36,431
but we were lucky
we were sent to Auschwitz

1442
01:14:36,598 --> 01:14:39,685
and not to Treblinka,
for instance,

1443
01:14:39,851 --> 01:14:42,729
where the whole transport,
no selection,

1444
01:14:42,896 --> 01:14:45,983
whole transport went into
the gas chambers.

1445
01:14:46,149 --> 01:14:48,652
So then you had no
chance, whatsoever.

1446
01:14:48,819 --> 01:14:50,737
At least, we had a chance.

1447
01:14:50,904 --> 01:14:52,155
<i>A'</i>

1448
01:14:52,322 --> 01:14:54,533
But the first terrible thing was

1449
01:14:54,700 --> 01:14:57,828
at arrival, men and women,
to different sides.

1450
01:14:57,995 --> 01:14:59,955
That was the first command.

1451
01:15:00,122 --> 01:15:03,125
And you can imagine what scene
that was

1452
01:15:03,291 --> 01:15:05,711
because people thought,

1453
01:15:05,877 --> 01:15:07,963
and it did happen, of course,
many times,

1454
01:15:08,130 --> 01:15:10,590
that people never, ever
saw each other.

1455
01:15:10,757 --> 01:15:14,344
So my mother and father embraced

1456
01:15:14,511 --> 01:15:17,389
and Heinz and my mother
and my father and me.

1457
01:15:17,556 --> 01:15:19,182
And my father then did something

1458
01:15:19,349 --> 01:15:21,810
which I remember very clearly.

1459
01:15:21,977 --> 01:15:25,313
He took me by the hands and he
said, "Evertje"...

1460
01:15:25,480 --> 01:15:27,024
That's a Dutch name for Eve,

1461
01:15:27,190 --> 01:15:29,985
"Evertje, God will
protect you."

1462
01:15:30,152 --> 01:15:34,197
And that was amaz... | was
amazed at that

1463
01:15:34,364 --> 01:15:36,658
because he was
not really religious.

1464
01:15:36,825 --> 01:15:40,996
But, at that moment,
he realized...

1465
01:15:41,163 --> 01:15:42,956
nobody else could do it.

1466
01:15:43,123 --> 01:15:45,667
But, if there is a God, he
should... will look after me.

1467
01:15:45,834 --> 01:15:47,419
<i>A'</i>

1468
01:15:47,586 --> 01:15:50,047
Yeah. And, then,
the men walked away.

1469
01:15:53,675 --> 01:15:56,470
My mother gave me this
hat and coat.

1470
01:15:56,636 --> 01:15:59,598
And I didn't want to wear it.
It was very hot.

1471
01:15:59,765 --> 01:16:04,728
But she said, "Well, perhaps, it
might come in useful later."

1472
01:16:04,895 --> 01:16:09,566
And, then, the camp doctor
appeared,

1473
01:16:09,733 --> 01:16:12,402
youngish man, very smart

1474
01:16:12,569 --> 01:16:16,198
with a little stick
like a conductor.

1475
01:16:16,364 --> 01:16:19,659
And he looked you over,
just a fraction of a second,

1476
01:16:19,826 --> 01:16:23,747
and he conducted you either
right or left.

1477
01:16:23,914 --> 01:16:28,960
And because this rim of
this hat was big,

1478
01:16:29,127 --> 01:16:31,129
he didn't see how young I was.

1479
01:16:31,296 --> 01:16:33,215
So that was the first miracle.

1480
01:16:33,381 --> 01:16:36,176
They told us with laughing

1481
01:16:36,343 --> 01:16:38,845
that the family you
have been separated

1482
01:16:39,012 --> 01:16:41,389
were taken to a shower,

1483
01:16:41,556 --> 01:16:44,184
but it wasn't, of course,
a shower, it was gas.

1484
01:16:44,351 --> 01:16:49,231
And within 15 minutes,
they were all killed.

1485
01:16:49,397 --> 01:16:51,900
And then, everything
was taken away.

1486
01:16:52,067 --> 01:16:53,777
Then we were registered.

1487
01:16:53,944 --> 01:16:55,403
We were all tattooed.

1488
01:16:55,570 --> 01:16:57,280
We were told, "You
are not a human being.

1489
01:16:57,447 --> 01:17:00,742
"You're just like cattle, who
gets... get a number.

1490
01:17:00,909 --> 01:17:02,452
"If ever we need you,

1491
01:17:02,619 --> 01:17:04,347
you're going to be called out
by your number."

1492
01:17:04,371 --> 01:17:07,541
All of our
hair was shaved and naked,

1493
01:17:07,707 --> 01:17:09,126
and then they told us,

1494
01:17:09,292 --> 01:17:11,128
"Now it's your turn to go
in the shower."

1495
01:17:11,294 --> 01:17:14,422
Of course, we didn't want to go,
but we were pushed into it.

1496
01:17:14,589 --> 01:17:17,843
But it was an actual shower.

1497
01:17:18,009 --> 01:17:20,387
We were herded into
our barracks,

1498
01:17:20,554 --> 01:17:24,224
which were low, wooden barracks

1499
01:17:24,391 --> 01:17:28,603
with... and a sort of a chimney
in the middle.

1500
01:17:28,770 --> 01:17:34,067
And both sides were bunks,
3 high, like cages.

1501
01:17:34,234 --> 01:17:36,027
<i>A'</i>

1502
01:17:36,194 --> 01:17:38,530
They told us, "That's where you
will spend your night,

1503
01:17:38,697 --> 01:17:40,657
as long as you are alive."

1504
01:17:40,824 --> 01:17:44,995
<i>A'</i>

1505
01:17:45,162 --> 01:17:47,205
Narrator: In late
October, John Pehle

1506
01:17:47,372 --> 01:17:50,834
received another horrific
report from Switzerland.

1507
01:17:51,001 --> 01:17:54,546
It contained firsthand testimony
from 3 men

1508
01:17:54,713 --> 01:17:57,340
who had managed
to escape from Auschwitz

1509
01:17:57,507 --> 01:18:02,804
and provided meticulous details
of what they had seen there.

1510
01:18:02,971 --> 01:18:05,599
Pehle: The Board
seized upon this.

1511
01:18:05,765 --> 01:18:07,559
Now we had
the eyewitness accounts.

1512
01:18:07,726 --> 01:18:15,726
<i>A'</i>

1513
01:18:15,984 --> 01:18:19,446
Narrator: Pehle said the report
"ought to be required reading

1514
01:18:19,613 --> 01:18:22,157
for the people
of the United States."

1515
01:18:25,493 --> 01:18:27,293
Erbelding: The release of
the Auschwitz Report

1516
01:18:27,370 --> 01:18:29,289
is headline news throughout
the country.

1517
01:18:29,456 --> 01:18:31,374
<i>A'</i>

1518
01:18:31,541 --> 01:18:34,544
These news reports explaining to
the American people

1519
01:18:34,711 --> 01:18:36,713
what Auschwitz was
and what happened there

1520
01:18:36,880 --> 01:18:39,758
are followed up by op-eds,
by columns

1521
01:18:39,925 --> 01:18:43,720
about Auschwitz
and what America has to do

1522
01:18:43,887 --> 01:18:46,681
in the wake of all of
this information.

1523
01:18:46,848 --> 01:18:49,684
Lipstadt: And the fact that
it's released

1524
01:18:49,851 --> 01:18:51,645
by the War Refugee Board.

1525
01:18:51,811 --> 01:18:54,272
It's not being released by
a Jewish organization.

1526
01:18:54,439 --> 01:18:57,692
It's not being released,
"Rabbi Stephen Wise says."

1527
01:18:57,859 --> 01:19:00,237
It's coming from
a governmental source.

1528
01:19:00,403 --> 01:19:03,490
It's much harder to dismiss it.

1529
01:19:03,657 --> 01:19:04,991
<i>A'</i>

1530
01:19:05,158 --> 01:19:07,452
Greene: There's a poll in
late 1944,

1531
01:19:07,619 --> 01:19:09,204
and the question is asked,

1532
01:19:09,371 --> 01:19:11,098
"Do you believe the
Germans are murdering Jews

1533
01:19:11,122 --> 01:19:12,707
in concentration camps?"

1534
01:19:12,874 --> 01:19:14,751
It runs in the
"Washington Post."

1535
01:19:14,918 --> 01:19:18,380
76% of Americans by that time
believe that it's happening,

1536
01:19:18,546 --> 01:19:20,215
but then they're
asked the numbers,

1537
01:19:20,382 --> 01:19:22,676
"How many Jews do you think have
been killed?"

1538
01:19:22,842 --> 01:19:26,221
And Americans cannot
grasp the scale

1539
01:19:26,388 --> 01:19:29,015
and the scope of the crime.

1540
01:19:29,182 --> 01:19:32,185
It's only one in 5 Americans
befieve

1541
01:19:32,352 --> 01:19:35,230
that it's more than a million
Jews who have been murdered.

1542
01:19:35,397 --> 01:19:38,400
And, by that point, it's more
than 5 million.

1543
01:19:38,566 --> 01:19:41,736
<i>A'</i>

1544
01:19:41,903 --> 01:19:45,407
Geiringer: Within a day, we were
already covered in lice.

1545
01:19:45,573 --> 01:19:48,576
Bedbugs were kind of
like a nail, thumbnail,

1546
01:19:48,743 --> 01:19:50,996
little animals with... had legs,

1547
01:19:51,162 --> 01:19:54,582
and they'd cling to your skin
and suck your blood.

1548
01:19:54,749 --> 01:19:59,129
And it became very infected
and itchy and so on.

1549
01:19:59,296 --> 01:20:03,800
Once a week, we had a shower
that was a delousing,

1550
01:20:03,967 --> 01:20:06,845
and you never knew was it
gassing or a shower.

1551
01:20:08,430 --> 01:20:10,223
Nobody had any periods.

1552
01:20:10,390 --> 01:20:13,059
It was a blessing 'cause we
couldn't cope with that.

1553
01:20:13,226 --> 01:20:16,438
I mean, the toilets were
just cement sinks

1554
01:20:16,604 --> 01:20:18,148
with holes in the middle.

1555
01:20:18,315 --> 01:20:20,233
And you had to sit where,
usually,

1556
01:20:20,400 --> 01:20:23,737
everything was already
filthy from diarrhea.

1557
01:20:23,903 --> 01:20:25,280
And if you didn't sit,

1558
01:20:25,447 --> 01:20:26,990
because you
tried to not sit on it,

1559
01:20:27,157 --> 01:20:30,618
you were beaten up
to sit in that.

1560
01:20:30,785 --> 01:20:35,457
And the other thing was when you
went to work outside, march,

1561
01:20:35,623 --> 01:20:37,667
if you wanted to escape,

1562
01:20:37,834 --> 01:20:39,461
there was no chance to escape.

1563
01:20:39,627 --> 01:20:43,548
The dogs were there,
dogs tore you apart,

1564
01:20:43,715 --> 01:20:45,884
killed you, we saw that.

1565
01:20:46,051 --> 01:20:48,595
You were caught when you went
out of your line,

1566
01:20:48,762 --> 01:20:50,972
and then you were taken back
to the camp

1567
01:20:51,139 --> 01:20:55,310
and there... there was a
camp center, a square sort of.

1568
01:20:55,477 --> 01:20:57,937
Each bit of the camp had that.

1569
01:20:58,104 --> 01:21:01,149
And then they erected gallows,

1570
01:21:01,316 --> 01:21:03,943
and we had to watch,
we were all called,

1571
01:21:04,110 --> 01:21:05,612
and we had to watch this be...

1572
01:21:05,779 --> 01:21:09,449
Person being hanged
there, slowly, you know,

1573
01:21:09,616 --> 01:21:11,534
with the tongue coming
out of them.

1574
01:21:11,701 --> 01:21:13,453
Of course, you had to watch,

1575
01:21:13,620 --> 01:21:14,996
but, of course, we closed
our eyes.

1576
01:21:15,163 --> 01:21:17,165
But even they'd check
that you look.

1577
01:21:17,332 --> 01:21:19,167
<i>A'</i>

1578
01:21:19,334 --> 01:21:21,753
You know, there were people
who just couldn't

1579
01:21:21,920 --> 01:21:23,338
tolerate it any longer

1580
01:21:23,505 --> 01:21:25,298
and they wanted to die.

1581
01:21:25,465 --> 01:21:28,385
And you couldn't even commit
suicide, you know?

1582
01:21:28,551 --> 01:21:32,263
You had no string or... or you
had no pills or anything.

1583
01:21:32,430 --> 01:21:35,392
You know? So the only thing was
to throw yourself

1584
01:21:35,558 --> 01:21:37,394
against electrified
barbed-wire,

1585
01:21:37,560 --> 01:21:40,021
and it was strong currents.

1586
01:21:40,188 --> 01:21:42,857
And then, we
heard terrible screams,

1587
01:21:43,024 --> 01:21:47,737
and you saw people burning
on this wire

1588
01:21:47,904 --> 01:21:51,616
because you're stuck on it,
and you went up in flames.

1589
01:21:51,783 --> 01:21:54,911
<i>A'</i>

1590
01:21:58,748 --> 01:22:02,293
Narrator: Even before the report
about Auschwitz was published,

1591
01:22:02,460 --> 01:22:05,046
Jewish organizations,
hoping to save

1592
01:22:05,213 --> 01:22:08,383
the thousands of Hungarians
still being sent there,

1593
01:22:08,550 --> 01:22:11,553
had called for the Allies to
bomb the railroad tracks

1594
01:22:11,719 --> 01:22:14,472
leading to the camp,

1595
01:22:14,639 --> 01:22:18,643
and then for the bombing of
Auschwitz itself.

1596
01:22:18,810 --> 01:22:23,314
Their appeal eventually reached
the War Refugee Board.

1597
01:22:23,481 --> 01:22:26,401
Pehle: As a non-military
people,

1598
01:22:26,568 --> 01:22:29,904
we were hesitant to press
the War Department

1599
01:22:30,071 --> 01:22:33,408
to send bombers,
which would otherwise be used

1600
01:22:33,575 --> 01:22:37,036
to bomb German cities,
for this purpose.

1601
01:22:37,203 --> 01:22:40,373
We were concerned about
the reaction

1602
01:22:40,540 --> 01:22:42,542
of the American people...

1603
01:22:42,709 --> 01:22:44,210
[Gunshot]

1604
01:22:44,377 --> 01:22:47,922
If troops died in this sort of
expedition.

1605
01:22:49,299 --> 01:22:54,929
We went into this matter further
and with much soul searching,

1606
01:22:55,096 --> 01:22:57,390
because we were very concerned

1607
01:22:57,557 --> 01:23:01,227
that going in we would kill
a number of Jews.

1608
01:23:01,394 --> 01:23:03,104
<i>A'</i>

1609
01:23:03,271 --> 01:23:05,607
Narrator: But after
reading The Auschwitz Report,

1610
01:23:05,773 --> 01:23:08,735
Pehle changed his mind.

1611
01:23:08,902 --> 01:23:10,862
Pehle: The time came
where we felt

1612
01:23:11,029 --> 01:23:12,947
that the situation was
so desperate

1613
01:23:13,114 --> 01:23:15,450
that we should ask
the War Department to do it.

1614
01:23:15,617 --> 01:23:17,118
And we did.

1615
01:23:17,285 --> 01:23:19,204
And not only should the rail
lines be bombed,

1616
01:23:19,370 --> 01:23:22,457
but the crematoria
should be bombed, too.

1617
01:23:22,624 --> 01:23:24,167
We became capable of doing it

1618
01:23:24,334 --> 01:23:26,094
because Allied troops had
advanced far enough

1619
01:23:26,169 --> 01:23:27,712
up the Italian boot

1620
01:23:27,879 --> 01:23:30,048
that we had acquired an old
Italian airbase

1621
01:23:30,215 --> 01:23:31,716
at a place called Foggia.

1622
01:23:31,883 --> 01:23:34,135
And if you flew northeast
from Foggia,

1623
01:23:34,302 --> 01:23:36,471
you could get a plane
to Auschwitz and back

1624
01:23:36,638 --> 01:23:38,306
on a single tank of gas.

1625
01:23:38,473 --> 01:23:40,558
Narrator: But the Allies
had already learned

1626
01:23:40,725 --> 01:23:44,479
that railroad tracks could
easily be repaired overnight,

1627
01:23:44,646 --> 01:23:47,774
that rail traffic could only be
halted permanently

1628
01:23:47,941 --> 01:23:52,987
by waves of airplanes hitting
them day after day.

1629
01:23:53,154 --> 01:23:55,990
In the repeated raids that
would have been required

1630
01:23:56,157 --> 01:24:00,328
to ensure the destruction of the
gas chambers and crematoria,

1631
01:24:00,495 --> 01:24:02,372
hundreds, if not thousands,

1632
01:24:02,539 --> 01:24:04,832
of the people imprisoned
in the camps

1633
01:24:04,999 --> 01:24:07,835
would likely have been
killed or wounded.

1634
01:24:08,002 --> 01:24:11,673
And Allied aircraft were
otherwise engaged...

1635
01:24:14,300 --> 01:24:17,804
first in blasting a way forward
for the Allied troops

1636
01:24:17,971 --> 01:24:20,223
through the Normandy hedgerows,

1637
01:24:20,390 --> 01:24:24,143
then destroying bridges to trap
the retreating Germans

1638
01:24:24,310 --> 01:24:27,647
and taking out the fuel
and armament plants

1639
01:24:27,814 --> 01:24:30,441
that powered the Nazi
war machine,

1640
01:24:30,608 --> 01:24:34,195
all military objectives aimed
at bringing about

1641
01:24:34,362 --> 01:24:37,198
the quickest possible end
to the war.

1642
01:24:39,951 --> 01:24:42,078
Man: 3 planes, 9 o'clock,
coming around.

1643
01:24:42,245 --> 01:24:44,038
Keep your eye on them, boys.

1644
01:24:44,205 --> 01:24:48,084
Narrator: More than 52,000
American airmen were killed

1645
01:24:48,251 --> 01:24:51,045
trying to achieve those
Allied objectives.

1646
01:24:51,212 --> 01:24:54,465
[Gunfire]

1647
01:24:56,092 --> 01:24:58,344
Man 2: We have
an engine on fire.

1648
01:24:58,511 --> 01:25:02,140
[Gunfire]

1649
01:25:02,307 --> 01:25:04,058
Man: Pull her up!

1650
01:25:04,225 --> 01:25:06,227
<i>A'</i>

1651
01:25:06,394 --> 01:25:11,858
Hayes: If it had become known in
the American public in 1944

1652
01:25:12,025 --> 01:25:15,445
that planes and pilots

1653
01:25:15,612 --> 01:25:18,448
and crews had been lost

1654
01:25:18,615 --> 01:25:23,578
in bombing what was
a non-military target,

1655
01:25:23,745 --> 01:25:27,081
that would have not been
without repercussions.

1656
01:25:27,248 --> 01:25:31,169
Narrator: The U.S. Assistant
Secretary of War John McCloy

1657
01:25:31,336 --> 01:25:35,923
dismissed the idea of bombing
Auschwitz as "impracticable."

1658
01:25:36,090 --> 01:25:39,177
The mission, he wrote, "would
have had a most uncertain,

1659
01:25:39,344 --> 01:25:41,554
if not dangerous effect."

1660
01:25:41,721 --> 01:25:43,765
<i>A'</i>

1661
01:25:43,931 --> 01:25:48,186
Greene: The United States is
bombing German munitions areas

1662
01:25:48,353 --> 01:25:50,980
4, 5 miles from Auschwitz.

1663
01:25:51,147 --> 01:25:52,690
<i>A'</i>

1664
01:25:52,857 --> 01:25:54,442
Would they have hit
their target?

1665
01:25:54,609 --> 01:25:58,363
That's... that... that's
another question.

1666
01:25:58,529 --> 01:26:00,573
Narrator: So-called
"precision bombing"

1667
01:26:00,740 --> 01:26:05,453
during World War <i>ll</i> was
spectacularly imprecise.

1668
01:26:05,620 --> 01:26:09,374
One study showed that just
one bomber out of 5

1669
01:26:09,540 --> 01:26:14,045
hit within 5 miles of
its intended target.

1670
01:26:14,212 --> 01:26:17,799
When Allied bombs intended for
the l.G. Farben fuel

1671
01:26:17,965 --> 01:26:20,468
and rubber plant several
miles away

1672
01:26:20,635 --> 01:26:24,472
accidentally hit inside
Auschwitz, killing dozens,

1673
01:26:24,639 --> 01:26:26,766
one man, a Dutch physician,

1674
01:26:26,933 --> 01:26:29,435
testified to the
"fear and agony"

1675
01:26:29,602 --> 01:26:33,064
he and his
fellow prisoners had felt.

1676
01:26:33,231 --> 01:26:37,068
But others, including the
future writer Elie Wiesel,

1677
01:26:37,235 --> 01:26:40,321
later remembered having been
willing to be bombed

1678
01:26:40,488 --> 01:26:43,282
if it meant an end
to the killing.

1679
01:26:44,826 --> 01:26:49,122
No contemporaneous evidence
exists that FDR himself

1680
01:26:49,288 --> 01:26:52,333
was ever consulted about
bombing Auschwitz,

1681
01:26:52,500 --> 01:26:55,336
but many years later,
John McCloy claimed

1682
01:26:55,503 --> 01:26:57,338
he had spoken with him,

1683
01:26:57,505 --> 01:27:01,843
and that the president had
rejected the idea out of hand.

1684
01:27:02,009 --> 01:27:04,220
"They'll only move it down
the road a little way,"

1685
01:27:04,387 --> 01:27:07,014
he said he remembered
the president saying.

1686
01:27:07,181 --> 01:27:09,183
"L won't have
anything to do with it.

1687
01:27:09,350 --> 01:27:11,519
"We'll be accused of
participating

1688
01:27:11,686 --> 01:27:13,688
in this horrible business."

1689
01:27:13,855 --> 01:27:15,690
<i>A'</i>

1690
01:27:15,857 --> 01:27:17,400
Lipstadt: I think they
should have,

1691
01:27:17,567 --> 01:27:19,360
not because it would have
rescued

1692
01:27:19,527 --> 01:27:22,155
a major portion of the
6 million,

1693
01:27:22,321 --> 01:27:27,034
but as a statement, as
a message to the Germans,

1694
01:27:27,201 --> 01:27:30,204
"We know what you are doing.

1695
01:27:30,371 --> 01:27:33,791
"We cannot abide what
you are doing.

1696
01:27:33,958 --> 01:27:36,836
This is our response to
what you are doing."

1697
01:27:37,003 --> 01:27:39,756
Yes, it could have done that.

1698
01:27:39,922 --> 01:27:41,762
Erbelding: I don't think there's
a right answer

1699
01:27:41,841 --> 01:27:45,011
in whether we should have
bombed Auschwitz.

1700
01:27:45,178 --> 01:27:47,054
I don't think there's
a right answer

1701
01:27:47,221 --> 01:27:49,366
because I don't think there's
a way in which we look back

1702
01:27:49,390 --> 01:27:50,868
and think that we did
the right thing.

1703
01:27:50,892 --> 01:27:53,060
I think it is one
of those tragic questions

1704
01:27:53,227 --> 01:27:56,189
in which we are either
the people who knew

1705
01:27:56,355 --> 01:27:57,955
that there was a
concentration camp there

1706
01:27:58,024 --> 01:27:59,484
and did not try to bomb it,

1707
01:27:59,650 --> 01:28:01,336
or we knew there was a
concentration camp there

1708
01:28:01,360 --> 01:28:02,653
and we bombed it.

1709
01:28:02,820 --> 01:28:04,572
We bombed prisoners,

1710
01:28:04,739 --> 01:28:08,284
we bombed people who might have
otherwise survived.

1711
01:28:08,451 --> 01:28:11,037
And that is the tragic question
of this is,

1712
01:28:11,204 --> 01:28:14,707
no matter what we did,
I think we'd look back

1713
01:28:14,874 --> 01:28:16,667
and... and wonder
what happened...

1714
01:28:16,834 --> 01:28:18,914
What would have happened had we
done the other thing.

1715
01:28:21,088 --> 01:28:23,758
Narrator: In mid-January
1945,

1716
01:28:23,925 --> 01:28:26,344
the prisoners at Birkenau
and Auschwitz

1717
01:28:26,511 --> 01:28:30,306
had begun to hear distant
Russian artillery coming closer,

1718
01:28:30,473 --> 01:28:32,642
and then the sound of
German vehicles

1719
01:28:32,809 --> 01:28:35,603
beginning to rumble away.

1720
01:28:35,770 --> 01:28:38,898
The last gassing of 1,700 Jews

1721
01:28:39,065 --> 01:28:43,611
had taken place at the end
of October 1944.

1722
01:28:43,778 --> 01:28:47,824
Afterwards, the SS blew up
and bulldozed all but one

1723
01:28:47,990 --> 01:28:50,618
of the gas chambers
and crematoria,

1724
01:28:50,785 --> 01:28:54,497
burned records, and began
marching prisoners on foot

1725
01:28:54,664 --> 01:28:58,334
through the snow
back toward Germany.

1726
01:28:58,501 --> 01:29:03,589
Between 700,000 and 800,000
survivors from Auschwitz

1727
01:29:03,756 --> 01:29:06,175
and scores of other
abandoned camps

1728
01:29:06,342 --> 01:29:08,427
were now staggering along
the roads

1729
01:29:08,594 --> 01:29:11,013
or packed into open coal cars,

1730
01:29:11,180 --> 01:29:13,808
retreating ahead of the Soviets.

1731
01:29:13,975 --> 01:29:16,644
Around a quarter
of a million would die

1732
01:29:16,811 --> 01:29:19,689
between the first of the year
and the war's end,

1733
01:29:19,856 --> 01:29:22,149
exhausted or frozen,

1734
01:29:22,316 --> 01:29:26,571
shot or burned alive by
their German guards.

1735
01:29:28,030 --> 01:29:31,784
Some 7,000 people remained
at Auschwitz,

1736
01:29:31,951 --> 01:29:34,495
too frail to leave the camp.

1737
01:29:34,662 --> 01:29:38,457
When the marches started,
Eva Geiringer's mother Fritzi

1738
01:29:38,624 --> 01:29:41,335
was too weak and ill to move.

1739
01:29:41,502 --> 01:29:43,754
Eva crawled into her
mother's bunk,

1740
01:29:43,921 --> 01:29:46,883
and they huddled together
against the cold.

1741
01:29:48,843 --> 01:29:52,263
Geiringer: Most people couldn't
even leave their bunks anymore.

1742
01:29:52,430 --> 01:29:55,808
They said, "Everybody out.
We are going to march.

1743
01:29:55,975 --> 01:29:58,269
"If you are staying,
we are going to

1744
01:29:58,436 --> 01:30:01,606
lock up the barracks
and burn everything down."

1745
01:30:01,772 --> 01:30:04,692
And my mother was so weak,
and it was so cold.

1746
01:30:04,859 --> 01:30:07,862
And I said,
"Let's just stay."

1747
01:30:08,029 --> 01:30:09,447
We fell asleep.

1748
01:30:09,614 --> 01:30:11,949
And they must have
called out again, "Out,"

1749
01:30:12,116 --> 01:30:13,492
and we didn't hear that.

1750
01:30:13,659 --> 01:30:15,328
<i>A'</i>

1751
01:30:15,494 --> 01:30:19,081
When we woke up, there was
no shouting, no dogs.

1752
01:30:19,248 --> 01:30:21,918
It was very, very empty.

1753
01:30:25,671 --> 01:30:27,715
And then I see out of the gate

1754
01:30:27,882 --> 01:30:31,719
a huge creature with icicles
hanging down his face

1755
01:30:31,886 --> 01:30:34,013
and his... and all fur,

1756
01:30:34,180 --> 01:30:37,099
and from the distance,
we thought it was a bear.

1757
01:30:37,266 --> 01:30:38,684
But it wasn't.

1758
01:30:38,851 --> 01:30:42,438
It was a Russian scout
to investigate

1759
01:30:42,605 --> 01:30:47,610
if the army should fight or if
they can just advance.

1760
01:30:47,777 --> 01:30:50,363
And he came in and looked at us,

1761
01:30:50,529 --> 01:30:53,658
and he said, well, he has to
go back to report.

1762
01:30:53,824 --> 01:30:55,660
<i>A'</i>

1763
01:30:55,826 --> 01:30:58,621
And so, I decided I would go to
the men's camp

1764
01:30:58,788 --> 01:31:01,374
to try to find
my father and brother.

1765
01:31:01,540 --> 01:31:03,501
<i>A'</i>

1766
01:31:03,668 --> 01:31:05,086
It was very, very cold.

1767
01:31:05,252 --> 01:31:07,755
And the fighting was going on
around us.

1768
01:31:07,922 --> 01:31:10,841
And I heard bullets going over.

1769
01:31:11,008 --> 01:31:12,635
It took me about 6 hours.

1770
01:31:12,802 --> 01:31:15,096
[Gunshots]

1771
01:31:15,262 --> 01:31:18,641
And I didn't
really know where to go.

1772
01:31:18,808 --> 01:31:21,769
But I found it, eventually.

1773
01:31:21,936 --> 01:31:25,314
And I found two people who I had
known in Amsterdam.

1774
01:31:25,481 --> 01:31:29,360
And one was... looked
very familiar, and I said,

1775
01:31:29,527 --> 01:31:32,238
"I think... I think you... you
look... I know you,"

1776
01:31:32,405 --> 01:31:34,865
but he looked
very gaunt and ashen.

1777
01:31:35,032 --> 01:31:38,202
And it was Otto Frank.

1778
01:31:38,369 --> 01:31:41,497
Narrator: Barely able to
walk after a fearful beating,

1779
01:31:41,664 --> 01:31:44,375
Otto Frank, too, had been
left behind.

1780
01:31:44,542 --> 01:31:50,423
Nearly 6 feet tall,
he now weighed just 114 pounds.

1781
01:31:50,589 --> 01:31:52,508
Geiringer: And the first
question, of course,

1782
01:31:52,675 --> 01:31:55,177
"Have you seen my girls
and my wife?"

1783
01:31:55,344 --> 01:31:57,054
And I hadn't seen them,

1784
01:31:57,221 --> 01:31:58,865
because, you know, they're all
the different camps.

1785
01:31:58,889 --> 01:32:01,809
But he had seen my
father and brother.

1786
01:32:01,976 --> 01:32:05,479
So, at that time, I thought,

1787
01:32:05,646 --> 01:32:07,940
"Oh, good. Well, I'm sure
they'll be alive."

1788
01:32:08,107 --> 01:32:16,107
<i>A'</i>

1789
01:32:18,117 --> 01:32:22,955
<i>A'</i>

1790
01:32:23,122 --> 01:32:30,963
<i>A'</i>

1791
01:32:31,130 --> 01:32:32,757
Narrator: Otto Frank would
later write

1792
01:32:32,923 --> 01:32:34,717
his mother in Switzerland

1793
01:32:34,884 --> 01:32:36,969
to tell her that
he had survived.

1794
01:32:37,136 --> 01:32:40,639
<i>A'</i>

1795
01:32:40,806 --> 01:32:45,019
Man as Frank: Where Edith and
the children are, I do not know.

1796
01:32:45,186 --> 01:32:49,106
We have been apart since
September, 1944.

1797
01:32:49,273 --> 01:32:53,360
I merely heard that they had
been transported to Germany.

1798
01:32:53,527 --> 01:32:57,364
One has to be hopeful to see
them back well and healthy.

1799
01:32:57,531 --> 01:33:02,953
<i>A'</i>

1800
01:33:03,120 --> 01:33:04,747
Narrator: Frank would
eventually learn

1801
01:33:04,914 --> 01:33:06,791
that he had been misinformed.

1802
01:33:06,957 --> 01:33:09,752
His wife had
not been sent to Germany.

1803
01:33:09,919 --> 01:33:13,005
Instead, she had died
at Birkenau,

1804
01:33:13,172 --> 01:33:17,218
just 3 weeks
before the Soviet Army came.

1805
01:33:17,384 --> 01:33:21,639
To the end, Edith had kept bits
of bread beneath her blanket

1806
01:33:21,806 --> 01:33:26,644
in case she somehow saw her
husband and daughters again.

1807
01:33:30,064 --> 01:33:34,068
The Soviets transported
Otto Frank and Eva Geiringer

1808
01:33:34,235 --> 01:33:36,612
and her mother by
truck and train

1809
01:33:36,779 --> 01:33:39,281
to Odessa on the Black Sea.

1810
01:33:39,448 --> 01:33:43,494
Eva's brother and father were
still missing.

1811
01:33:43,661 --> 01:33:46,413
The refugees were lodged
in a crumbling palace

1812
01:33:46,580 --> 01:33:48,374
overlooking the beach

1813
01:33:48,541 --> 01:33:51,919
and told they would have to stay
there until the war ended.

1814
01:33:53,796 --> 01:33:55,589
"Everybody is impatient,

1815
01:33:55,756 --> 01:33:58,300
in spite of daily chocolate
and cigarettes,"

1816
01:33:58,467 --> 01:34:00,386
Frank wrote in his diary.

1817
01:34:00,553 --> 01:34:03,305
They just wanted to go home.

1818
01:34:03,472 --> 01:34:05,558
<i>A'</i>

1819
01:34:05,724 --> 01:34:10,938
As Allied armies converged on
Germany in the spring of 1945,

1820
01:34:11,105 --> 01:34:14,483
one by one, they came upon
the concentration camps

1821
01:34:14,650 --> 01:34:18,237
that the Reich had tried
to keep secret.

1822
01:34:18,404 --> 01:34:20,573
The Soviets, driving westward,

1823
01:34:20,739 --> 01:34:25,077
had already over-run all 6 of
the German killing centers

1824
01:34:25,244 --> 01:34:29,165
where more than 3 million human
beings had been murdered...

1825
01:34:29,331 --> 01:34:31,625
Auschwitz, Belzec,

1826
01:34:31,792 --> 01:34:33,961
Majdanek, Sobibor,

1827
01:34:34,128 --> 01:34:37,214
Treblinka, Chelmno.

1828
01:34:37,381 --> 01:34:40,467
British and Canadian troops
were about to capture

1829
01:34:40,634 --> 01:34:44,096
Neuengamme and Bergen-Belsen in
northern Germany.

1830
01:34:44,263 --> 01:34:46,807
<i>A'</i>

1831
01:34:46,974 --> 01:34:48,309
And in early April,

1832
01:34:48,475 --> 01:34:51,061
soldiers of the U.S. 4th
Armored Division

1833
01:34:51,228 --> 01:34:53,856
searching for a supposed
German headquarters,

1834
01:34:54,023 --> 01:34:55,816
came upon Ohrdruf,

1835
01:34:55,983 --> 01:34:59,153
one of at least
130 satellite camps

1836
01:34:59,320 --> 01:35:03,157
surrounding a far larger
one... Buchenwald.

1837
01:35:03,324 --> 01:35:05,492
<i>A'</i>

1838
01:35:05,659 --> 01:35:10,956
These camps inside Germany itself
were not officially killing centers

1839
01:35:11,123 --> 01:35:13,250
like those in occupied Poland,

1840
01:35:13,417 --> 01:35:17,171
but they were places to which
people were sent to die

1841
01:35:17,338 --> 01:35:21,675
after untold hours
of forced labor, starvation,

1842
01:35:21,842 --> 01:35:25,846
exhaustion, disease,
and hopelessness.

1843
01:35:26,013 --> 01:35:28,182
<i>A'</i>

1844
01:35:28,349 --> 01:35:31,393
Among the first Americans to
enter Buchenwald

1845
01:35:31,560 --> 01:35:34,480
was an Army private,
Benjamin Ferencz,

1846
01:35:34,647 --> 01:35:36,899
who had been assigned
to a new unit

1847
01:35:37,066 --> 01:35:41,779
tasked with investigating
German war crimes.

1848
01:35:41,946 --> 01:35:44,990
Ferencz: I jumped into my Jeep.
I raced there.

1849
01:35:45,157 --> 01:35:48,035
I found the
American tank officer

1850
01:35:48,202 --> 01:35:51,622
who had liberated the camp,
had gotten there first.

1851
01:35:51,789 --> 01:35:53,832
I said, "I'm out here on orders

1852
01:35:53,999 --> 01:35:56,377
"carrying out a policy of
the United States Government.

1853
01:35:56,543 --> 01:35:59,880
"L need 10 men, immediately, to
surround the schreibstube,

1854
01:36:00,047 --> 01:36:03,008
the office where
the records are kept."

1855
01:36:03,175 --> 01:36:06,178
The crematoria were going;
smoke in the air,

1856
01:36:06,345 --> 01:36:08,639
the smell of
burning bodies in the air.

1857
01:36:08,806 --> 01:36:12,059
In front of the crematoria,
stacks of bones.

1858
01:36:12,226 --> 01:36:15,104
They were human beings.

1859
01:36:15,271 --> 01:36:18,732
And they were so thin that they
just looked like bones.

1860
01:36:18,899 --> 01:36:21,235
And they were stacked up
in front of the crematoria,

1861
01:36:21,402 --> 01:36:22,486
waiting to be burned.

1862
01:36:22,653 --> 01:36:25,447
<i>A'</i>

1863
01:36:25,614 --> 01:36:30,995
That was my introduction to
Hitler's plan in action.

1864
01:36:31,161 --> 01:36:34,581
<i>A'</i>

1865
01:36:34,748 --> 01:36:38,210
I thought to myself,
"It can't be real."

1866
01:36:38,377 --> 01:36:41,338
And it was unbelievable.

1867
01:36:41,505 --> 01:36:44,466
But, it was true, and I knew,
of course, it was true.

1868
01:36:44,633 --> 01:36:50,097
<i>A'</i>

1869
01:36:50,264 --> 01:36:54,351
Narrator: Supreme Allied Commander
General Dwight Eisenhower

1870
01:36:54,518 --> 01:36:56,812
flew in to see for himself.

1871
01:36:56,979 --> 01:37:02,568
<i>A'</i>

1872
01:37:02,735 --> 01:37:05,446
When a young GI
nervously laughed,

1873
01:37:05,612 --> 01:37:07,740
Eisenhower glared at him,

1874
01:37:07,906 --> 01:37:11,118
"Still having trouble hating
them?" he asked.

1875
01:37:11,285 --> 01:37:13,537
"We are told that
the American soldier

1876
01:37:13,704 --> 01:37:16,874
does not know what he is
fighting for," he said.

1877
01:37:17,041 --> 01:37:20,836
"Now at least he will know what
he is fighting against."

1878
01:37:21,003 --> 01:37:23,630
<i>A'</i>

1879
01:37:23,797 --> 01:37:26,008
Lipstadt: When
Eisenhower sees this,

1880
01:37:26,175 --> 01:37:30,888
he orders that a congressional
delegation be brought there,

1881
01:37:31,055 --> 01:37:34,975
and that American editors be
brought there.

1882
01:37:35,142 --> 01:37:37,770
And they are shocked.

1883
01:37:37,936 --> 01:37:40,689
And they describe in great
detail what they see.

1884
01:37:40,856 --> 01:37:42,816
<i>A'</i>

1885
01:37:42,983 --> 01:37:47,071
I think it speaks to
the lingering doubts

1886
01:37:47,237 --> 01:37:48,906
that this could be real.

1887
01:37:49,073 --> 01:37:50,157
<i>A'</i>

1888
01:37:50,324 --> 01:37:52,826
And it also speaks to

1889
01:37:52,993 --> 01:37:56,789
an inability to put your head
around this.

1890
01:37:56,955 --> 01:38:00,000
And I don't say that critically.

1891
01:38:00,167 --> 01:38:04,922
I say that this is something
that beggars the imagination.

1892
01:38:05,089 --> 01:38:09,093
This was a murder that was
beyond belief.

1893
01:38:09,259 --> 01:38:16,475
And it takes that personal
confrontation with the evidence,

1894
01:38:16,642 --> 01:38:21,230
with the remnants,
for them to grasp that.

1895
01:38:21,397 --> 01:38:24,108
Narrator: To make sure
Americans understood

1896
01:38:24,274 --> 01:38:26,443
the depths of Nazi depravity

1897
01:38:26,610 --> 01:38:28,904
and to make sure
future generations

1898
01:38:29,071 --> 01:38:31,532
could never deny what
had happened,

1899
01:38:31,698 --> 01:38:35,702
Eisenhower insisted that
military personnel in the area

1900
01:38:35,869 --> 01:38:40,999
come and see for themselves
what the Nazis had done.

1901
01:38:41,166 --> 01:38:44,670
Stern: We were actually
stationed in Weimar,

1902
01:38:44,837 --> 01:38:49,341
and we had heard of
the Buchenwald Camp.

1903
01:38:49,508 --> 01:38:52,636
I lagged behind Sergeant Hadley,

1904
01:38:52,803 --> 01:38:56,890
who was probably one of
the toughest MP soldier

1905
01:38:57,057 --> 01:38:58,600
I had ever encountered...

1906
01:38:58,767 --> 01:39:00,561
<i>A'</i>

1907
01:39:00,727 --> 01:39:04,731
And people told me
their stories.

1908
01:39:04,898 --> 01:39:08,235
But it was a skeleton you were
talking to.

1909
01:39:11,155 --> 01:39:13,824
I looked at them,
and I started...

1910
01:39:13,991 --> 01:39:17,411
I was a hardened soldier
by then,

1911
01:39:17,578 --> 01:39:19,913
but I couldn't help myself.

1912
01:39:20,080 --> 01:39:21,790
So, I was crying.

1913
01:39:24,084 --> 01:39:29,673
I looked around
and Sergeant Hadley,

1914
01:39:29,840 --> 01:39:32,676
from a Protestant family
in Ohio,

1915
01:39:32,843 --> 01:39:37,931
he was bawling like a kid,
as I was.

1916
01:39:38,098 --> 01:39:40,392
You couldn't take it.

1917
01:39:40,559 --> 01:39:41,768
<i>A'</i>

1918
01:39:41,935 --> 01:39:44,188
But they could.

1919
01:39:44,354 --> 01:39:47,274
The perpetrators
who could do such a thing,

1920
01:39:47,441 --> 01:39:51,653
and the victims who had to
endure it.

1921
01:39:51,820 --> 01:39:54,781
<i>A'</i>

1922
01:39:54,948 --> 01:39:58,076
Narrator: American troops
would liberate Nordhausen,

1923
01:39:58,243 --> 01:40:01,914
Flossenberg, Mauthausen,
and Dachau,

1924
01:40:02,080 --> 01:40:05,459
the very first of Hitler's
concentration camps.

1925
01:40:05,626 --> 01:40:07,669
<i>A'</i>

1926
01:40:07,836 --> 01:40:10,255
A GI named Joseph A. Wyant

1927
01:40:10,422 --> 01:40:13,550
used his off-duty time
to visit there,

1928
01:40:13,717 --> 01:40:16,136
and then wrote home to
his father.

1929
01:40:16,303 --> 01:40:18,222
<i>A'</i>

1930
01:40:18,388 --> 01:40:21,391
Man as Wyant: This particular
crime has been uncovered, Pop,

1931
01:40:21,558 --> 01:40:23,644
but a worse crime seems to me

1932
01:40:23,810 --> 01:40:25,312
to be the spreading of
the thought

1933
01:40:25,479 --> 01:40:27,648
that leads to this type
of thing.

1934
01:40:27,814 --> 01:40:29,733
<i>A'</i>

1935
01:40:29,900 --> 01:40:33,278
It has happened in mass
proportions here in Germany,

1936
01:40:33,445 --> 01:40:35,989
but who knows how far
the ideas have spread

1937
01:40:36,156 --> 01:40:38,283
or where else it may break out?

1938
01:40:38,450 --> 01:40:40,661
<i>A'</i>

1939
01:40:40,827 --> 01:40:43,664
I tell you, Pop, even more
important

1940
01:40:43,830 --> 01:40:46,041
than the punishment of
the criminals here

1941
01:40:46,208 --> 01:40:50,754
is the stamping
out of their philosophy.

1942
01:40:50,921 --> 01:40:52,965
As I wrote you once before,

1943
01:40:53,131 --> 01:40:56,009
this is not a war
between nations,

1944
01:40:56,176 --> 01:41:00,180
but humanity's struggle
for the right to exist.

1945
01:41:00,347 --> 01:41:01,848
<i>A'</i>

1946
01:41:02,015 --> 01:41:03,725
If you see fit,

1947
01:41:03,892 --> 01:41:06,728
I wish you would show any of
your friends this letter.

1948
01:41:06,895 --> 01:41:09,189
Your devoted son, Joe.

1949
01:41:12,401 --> 01:41:14,570
[Man chanting "Ki Mitzion"
in Hebrew]

1950
01:41:35,007 --> 01:41:37,551
[All singing in Hebrew]

1951
01:41:54,067 --> 01:41:57,529
Eichhorn: Today, I come to you
in a dual capacity...

1952
01:41:57,696 --> 01:42:00,616
As a soldier in
the American army

1953
01:42:00,782 --> 01:42:06,371
and as a representative of the
Jewish community of America.

1954
01:42:06,538 --> 01:42:09,082
As an American soldier,

1955
01:42:09,249 --> 01:42:12,669
I say to you that we are proud,

1956
01:42:12,836 --> 01:42:15,756
very proud to be here,

1957
01:42:15,922 --> 01:42:20,093
to know that we have had
a share in the destruction

1958
01:42:20,260 --> 01:42:24,056
of the most cruel
tyranny of all time.

1959
01:42:24,222 --> 01:42:26,016
As an American soldier,

1960
01:42:26,183 --> 01:42:29,770
I say to you that we are
very, very proud

1961
01:42:29,936 --> 01:42:33,732
to be with you as comrades
in arms,

1962
01:42:33,899 --> 01:42:36,610
to greet you, and to salute you

1963
01:42:36,777 --> 01:42:40,197
who have been the
bravest of the brave.

1964
01:42:44,868 --> 01:42:47,204
Narrator: On April 12,
the same day

1965
01:42:47,371 --> 01:42:49,956
that Eisenhower had
toured Ohrdruf,

1966
01:42:50,123 --> 01:42:54,461
President Roosevelt had died at
Warm Springs, Georgia

1967
01:42:54,628 --> 01:42:56,296
with victory in the war,

1968
01:42:56,463 --> 01:42:58,840
for which he'd tried to prepare
his countrymen,

1969
01:42:59,007 --> 01:43:01,176
still weeks away.

1970
01:43:07,808 --> 01:43:14,147
On May 8, 1945, the Germans
finally surrendered.

1971
01:43:14,314 --> 01:43:17,984
Hitler had killed himself
in his Berlin bunker.

1972
01:43:19,695 --> 01:43:21,863
<i>A'</i>

1973
01:43:22,030 --> 01:43:24,866
Guy Stern was still in Germany.

1974
01:43:25,033 --> 01:43:29,705
Before going back to America,
he returned to his hometown

1975
01:43:29,871 --> 01:43:33,083
to try to find out
what happened to his family.

1976
01:43:33,250 --> 01:43:35,085
<i>A'</i>

1977
01:43:35,252 --> 01:43:38,672
Stern: I went to Hildesheim.

1978
01:43:38,839 --> 01:43:44,344
I first was overwhelmed by the
ruins of many of the things

1979
01:43:44,511 --> 01:43:46,513
that I had
looked at with my mother.

1980
01:43:46,680 --> 01:43:48,682
<i>A'</i>

1981
01:43:48,849 --> 01:43:52,352
This history was in rubbles.

1982
01:43:52,519 --> 01:43:56,606
<i>A'</i>

1983
01:43:56,773 --> 01:44:00,277
Narrator: His mother and
father, his brother and sister

1984
01:44:00,444 --> 01:44:03,655
had been deported from
the Warsaw Ghetto,

1985
01:44:03,822 --> 01:44:06,324
and Guy never
heard from them again.

1986
01:44:06,491 --> 01:44:09,202
<i>A'</i>

1987
01:44:11,788 --> 01:44:15,083
Otto Frank and Eva
and Fritzi Geiringer

1988
01:44:15,250 --> 01:44:16,793
were still in Odessa

1989
01:44:16,960 --> 01:44:20,756
when word came that the war in
Europe was over.

1990
01:44:20,922 --> 01:44:23,175
Eva remembered that at the news

1991
01:44:23,341 --> 01:44:25,260
"the grounds of the palace
broke out

1992
01:44:25,427 --> 01:44:29,014
"in unrestrained jubilation,
dancing, singing,

1993
01:44:29,181 --> 01:44:32,726
laughing, and drunken
declarations of love."

1994
01:44:32,893 --> 01:44:34,978
<i>A'</i>

1995
01:44:35,145 --> 01:44:37,981
A few days later, Eva,
her mother,

1996
01:44:38,148 --> 01:44:41,193
and Otto Frank boarded
a transport ship

1997
01:44:41,359 --> 01:44:43,361
bound for Marseille.

1998
01:44:43,528 --> 01:44:45,781
Eva's mother burst into tears

1999
01:44:45,947 --> 01:44:47,866
at the sight of
the white tablecloths

2000
01:44:48,033 --> 01:44:51,161
and neatly laid-out silverware
in the dining room.

2001
01:44:51,328 --> 01:44:53,413
The captain promised
his passengers

2002
01:44:53,580 --> 01:44:56,416
that they needn't hoard food in
their cabins;

2003
01:44:56,583 --> 01:44:58,752
they would have plenty to eat.

2004
01:45:02,672 --> 01:45:05,133
From Marseille, they traveled
to Amsterdam

2005
01:45:05,300 --> 01:45:07,719
where they hoped to take up
the lives they'd led

2006
01:45:07,886 --> 01:45:09,971
before the Gestapo came
for them.

2007
01:45:10,138 --> 01:45:11,765
<i>A'</i>

2008
01:45:11,932 --> 01:45:14,267
That would prove impossible.

2009
01:45:17,729 --> 01:45:20,732
Geiringer: My mother got a
letter from the Red Cross,

2010
01:45:20,899 --> 01:45:22,692
very cool.

2011
01:45:22,859 --> 01:45:26,196
"Your husband Erich Geiringer,
with the birthdate,

2012
01:45:26,363 --> 01:45:29,699
"and your son Heinz, as well,
with the date of his birth,

2013
01:45:29,866 --> 01:45:33,787
"died in Mauthausen
several days before

2014
01:45:33,954 --> 01:45:36,998
the American Army came to
liberate that camp."

2015
01:45:37,165 --> 01:45:38,625
<i>A'</i>

2016
01:45:38,792 --> 01:45:42,504
That was for us, and for me,
the last straw

2017
01:45:42,671 --> 01:45:45,173
because I always say,
I have survived

2018
01:45:45,340 --> 01:45:48,093
because I thought life will go
back, eventually,

2019
01:45:48,260 --> 01:45:49,970
how it used to be.

2020
01:45:50,136 --> 01:45:53,139
But when I realized that can
never, ever happen again,

2021
01:45:53,306 --> 01:45:56,476
I became very, very depressed.

2022
01:45:56,643 --> 01:45:58,395
That was harder than the camp,

2023
01:45:58,562 --> 01:46:03,024
because, in the camp, I had
a purpose, to survive.

2024
01:46:03,191 --> 01:46:07,320
But then I thought, I don't
really want to live anymore.

2025
01:46:07,487 --> 01:46:11,950
That was really, really hard
for me to accept that.

2026
01:46:12,117 --> 01:46:14,661
Even till this day, I haven't
really accepted it,

2027
01:46:14,828 --> 01:46:19,374
especially because my father
was such a strong character

2028
01:46:19,541 --> 01:46:22,168
altogether, mentally
and physically.

2029
01:46:22,335 --> 01:46:27,507
But I think, probably,
Heinz died before him.

2030
01:46:27,674 --> 01:46:30,010
And that must have been
for him terrible,

2031
01:46:30,176 --> 01:46:32,053
perhaps to see him die.

2032
01:46:32,220 --> 01:46:34,514
He thought his wife is dead.

2033
01:46:34,681 --> 01:46:37,225
He probably didn't think
I could have survived.

2034
01:46:37,392 --> 01:46:40,437
And I don't think he
wanted to live on his own.

2035
01:46:40,604 --> 01:46:42,480
I think he just gave up.

2036
01:46:42,647 --> 01:46:46,067
<i>A'</i>

2037
01:46:46,234 --> 01:46:51,489
Narrator: On July 18, 1945,
Otto Frank finally discovered

2038
01:46:51,656 --> 01:46:54,326
what had happened to
his daughters.

2039
01:46:54,492 --> 01:46:57,621
Both had still been alive
when he, Eva,

2040
01:46:57,787 --> 01:47:01,333
and Fritzi Geiringer
were liberated from Auschwitz.

2041
01:47:01,499 --> 01:47:04,294
But typhus had swept
Bergen-Belsen,

2042
01:47:04,461 --> 01:47:07,213
the camp in northern Germany
where they'd been sent.

2043
01:47:07,380 --> 01:47:09,257
<i>A'</i>

2044
01:47:09,424 --> 01:47:13,678
Both Margot and Anne are thought
to have died in February,

2045
01:47:13,845 --> 01:47:16,723
two months before
the camp was liberated.

2046
01:47:19,559 --> 01:47:21,561
Geiringer: Otto came
to us one day.

2047
01:47:21,728 --> 01:47:23,188
He looked like a ghost.

2048
01:47:23,355 --> 01:47:25,065
And after he left,
my mother then said,

2049
01:47:25,231 --> 01:47:27,067
"Well, we have at least
each other,

2050
01:47:27,233 --> 01:47:29,361
but this poor man
has nobody."

2051
01:47:29,527 --> 01:47:33,365
He was 56 or 57 at that time.

2052
01:47:33,531 --> 01:47:36,284
You know, what has he got to
live for?

2053
01:47:36,451 --> 01:47:38,161
<i>A'</i>

2054
01:47:38,328 --> 01:47:39,913
Narrator: One of
the Dutch Gentiles

2055
01:47:40,080 --> 01:47:43,208
who had hidden the Franks had
kept Anne's diary,

2056
01:47:43,375 --> 01:47:46,711
planning to give it back to her
when she returned.

2057
01:47:46,878 --> 01:47:50,757
Instead, she gave it to Anne's
grieving father.

2058
01:47:50,924 --> 01:47:54,970
He could not bear to read more
than a few pages at a time.

2059
01:47:55,136 --> 01:47:56,680
<i>A'</i>

2060
01:47:56,846 --> 01:47:58,640
Geiringer: It took him 3 weeks
to read it.

2061
01:47:58,807 --> 01:48:00,934
He was so moved by it.

2062
01:48:01,101 --> 01:48:02,978
And he always used to say,

2063
01:48:03,144 --> 01:48:05,271
"I didn't really know
my own child."

2064
01:48:05,438 --> 01:48:09,275
He was amazed about what she
wrote in it.

2065
01:48:09,442 --> 01:48:12,070
He was so proud of it.

2066
01:48:12,237 --> 01:48:16,491
When he got it, he had no idea
about publishing it,

2067
01:48:16,658 --> 01:48:18,451
but a history professor said

2068
01:48:18,618 --> 01:48:20,745
that it's such
a valuable document

2069
01:48:20,912 --> 01:48:24,457
about this period,
you have to publish it.

2070
01:48:24,624 --> 01:48:28,837
Lipstadt: It gets tremendous
attention in this country.

2071
01:48:29,004 --> 01:48:30,797
It's presented on Broadway,

2072
01:48:30,964 --> 01:48:33,216
and then presented in a major
Hollywood picture

2073
01:48:33,383 --> 01:48:35,051
as a triumph.

2074
01:48:35,218 --> 01:48:38,722
No one dies in this story.
No one is murdered.

2075
01:48:38,888 --> 01:48:41,307
No gas chambers.
No shootings.

2076
01:48:41,474 --> 01:48:45,603
No Nazis, till the last scene
when they come in.

2077
01:48:45,770 --> 01:48:47,897
It's the story of triumph of
a little girl.

2078
01:48:48,064 --> 01:48:49,733
<i>A'</i>

2079
01:48:49,899 --> 01:48:51,943
It's a wonderful story.
It's a wonderful diary.

2080
01:48:52,110 --> 01:48:54,446
She writes some terrific things
in it.

2081
01:48:54,612 --> 01:48:57,699
But it's not the story
of the Holocaust.

2082
01:48:57,866 --> 01:48:59,701
It's not the story of the Shoah.

2083
01:48:59,868 --> 01:49:02,245
It's not the story
of a genocide.

2084
01:49:02,412 --> 01:49:07,042
I still believe,
in spite of everything,

2085
01:49:07,208 --> 01:49:10,295
that people are
really good at heart.

2086
01:49:10,462 --> 01:49:12,422
Geiringer: When she said that
she still believes

2087
01:49:12,589 --> 01:49:16,509
in the goodness of mankind,
I said, "How can she?"

2088
01:49:16,676 --> 01:49:18,344
But she wrote it before.

2089
01:49:18,511 --> 01:49:22,223
If she would have written
that after,

2090
01:49:22,390 --> 01:49:24,017
if she would have survived,

2091
01:49:24,184 --> 01:49:25,935
she would not have said that,
I think.

2092
01:49:26,102 --> 01:49:28,730
I still think that she wouldn't
have said that.

2093
01:49:28,897 --> 01:49:36,654
<i>A'</i>

2094
01:49:36,821 --> 01:49:39,199
Narrator: Eva Geiringer's
mother Fritzi

2095
01:49:39,365 --> 01:49:42,994
would eventually marry
Otto Frank.

2096
01:49:43,161 --> 01:49:46,790
"By the tragedy in both
our lives," she remembered,

2097
01:49:46,956 --> 01:49:50,251
"together we found
new happiness."

2098
01:49:50,418 --> 01:49:55,256
<i>A'</i>

2099
01:49:56,758 --> 01:49:58,593
[indistinct chatter]

2100
01:50:02,931 --> 01:50:05,308
Man on newsreel: These newsreel
and Signal Corps pictures

2101
01:50:05,475 --> 01:50:09,354
were officially recorded
for posterity.

2102
01:50:09,521 --> 01:50:12,565
6 furnaces, each holding
3 bodies,

2103
01:50:12,732 --> 01:50:14,109
were used in cremating the dead.

2104
01:50:14,275 --> 01:50:16,361
Don't turn away. Look.

2105
01:50:16,528 --> 01:50:20,073
Horror unbelievable, yet true.

2106
01:50:20,240 --> 01:50:22,575
The vile inhuman
beasts took pride

2107
01:50:22,742 --> 01:50:25,245
in their concentration camp
at Nordhausen.

2108
01:50:25,411 --> 01:50:26,704
Narrator: By the war's end,

2109
01:50:26,871 --> 01:50:28,915
Americans had seen
for themselves

2110
01:50:29,082 --> 01:50:31,626
that the Nazi horrors many
had dismissed

2111
01:50:31,793 --> 01:50:36,005
as wartime propaganda were
all-too real.

2112
01:50:36,172 --> 01:50:38,967
Man on newsreel: No words can
express the world's disgust

2113
01:50:39,134 --> 01:50:41,678
at Germany's organized carnage.

2114
01:50:43,847 --> 01:50:45,825
Mendelsohn: And I remember
saying to my mother once,

2115
01:50:45,849 --> 01:50:48,852
I said, "What was it like
after the war?"

2116
01:50:49,018 --> 01:50:50,687
<i>A'</i>

2117
01:50:50,854 --> 01:50:53,398
She said...

2118
01:50:53,565 --> 01:50:56,568
everyone sat around
waiting for news.

2119
01:50:56,734 --> 01:50:58,236
<i>A'</i>

2120
01:50:58,403 --> 01:51:00,613
She said it was like a hush
in the air.

2121
01:51:00,780 --> 01:51:04,075
<i>A'</i>

2122
01:51:04,242 --> 01:51:07,787
Finally, maybe 1946, maybe 1947,

2123
01:51:07,954 --> 01:51:10,123
she came home from school
one day,

2124
01:51:10,290 --> 01:51:13,543
and her father was
sitting at the kitchen table,

2125
01:51:13,710 --> 01:51:15,795
crying with a letter
in his hand.

2126
01:51:15,962 --> 01:51:20,508
<i>A'</i>

2127
01:51:20,675 --> 01:51:22,343
And I think that is a scene

2128
01:51:22,510 --> 01:51:27,056
that probably repeated
itself all over America.

2129
01:51:27,223 --> 01:51:29,392
Jaeger Mendelsohn: They had
just gotten the final word

2130
01:51:29,559 --> 01:51:33,438
that Uncle Shmiel and his
4 daughters and his wife

2131
01:51:33,605 --> 01:51:36,566
had all been murdered.

2132
01:51:36,733 --> 01:51:40,320
And my father carried to
the day he died

2133
01:51:40,486 --> 01:51:45,658
the letters that his brother
Shmiel had sent...

2134
01:51:47,327 --> 01:51:49,329
because he felt so guilty

2135
01:51:49,495 --> 01:51:53,416
about not being able
to get out Shmiel.

2136
01:51:53,583 --> 01:51:56,502
<i>A'</i>

2137
01:51:56,669 --> 01:51:58,463
Lipstadt: In many respects,

2138
01:51:58,630 --> 01:52:02,675
Nazi Germany accomplished
its goal.

2139
01:52:02,842 --> 01:52:05,511
Didn't accomplish it totally.

2140
01:52:05,678 --> 01:52:08,765
But the Jews have never replaced
themselves since then.

2141
01:52:11,392 --> 01:52:15,480
Woman: I have the feeling
that we let our consciences

2142
01:52:15,647 --> 01:52:20,360
realize too late the need of
standing up against something

2143
01:52:20,526 --> 01:52:23,446
that we knew was wrong.

2144
01:52:25,073 --> 01:52:28,576
We have therefore
had to avenge it,

2145
01:52:28,743 --> 01:52:33,331
but we did nothing
to prevent it.

2146
01:52:33,498 --> 01:52:35,917
<i>A'</i>

2147
01:52:36,084 --> 01:52:38,878
I hope that in the future,

2148
01:52:39,045 --> 01:52:43,675
we are going to remember that
there can be no compromise

2149
01:52:43,841 --> 01:52:50,640
at any point with the things
that we know are wrong.

2150
01:52:50,807 --> 01:52:52,517
Eleanor Roosevelt.

2151
01:52:52,684 --> 01:52:56,396
<i>A'</i>

2152
01:52:56,562 --> 01:52:58,731
Narrator: Tens of millions
of human beings

2153
01:52:58,898 --> 01:53:01,567
were killed during
the Second World War.

2154
01:53:01,734 --> 01:53:04,737
Some 6 million of them
were Jews,

2155
01:53:04,904 --> 01:53:08,491
murdered by the Nazis
and their collaborators,

2156
01:53:08,658 --> 01:53:12,453
two-thirds of all the Jews who
had lived in Europe.

2157
01:53:12,620 --> 01:53:13,997
<i>A'</i>

2158
01:53:14,163 --> 01:53:17,208
The war left millions of
displaced persons,

2159
01:53:17,375 --> 01:53:21,087
including more than a quarter of
a million Jewish refugees

2160
01:53:21,254 --> 01:53:24,090
confined to crowded camps
in Germany,

2161
01:53:24,257 --> 01:53:30,596
Austria, and Italy
between 1945 and 1952.

2162
01:53:30,763 --> 01:53:34,726
Most were unable or unwilling
to return to homes

2163
01:53:34,892 --> 01:53:37,729
that had been destroyed
or occupied

2164
01:53:37,895 --> 01:53:41,774
among people who were often
openly hostile toward them.

2165
01:53:41,941 --> 01:53:45,778
<i>A'</i>

2166
01:53:45,945 --> 01:53:48,656
Lipstadt:
It's easy to imagine

2167
01:53:48,823 --> 01:53:51,451
that after the opening
of the camps

2168
01:53:51,617 --> 01:53:53,453
and the stories come out of
what happened,

2169
01:53:53,619 --> 01:53:57,290
that people realize this is the
legacy of antisemitism,

2170
01:53:57,457 --> 01:53:58,916
and they banish it.

2171
01:53:59,083 --> 01:54:00,436
That it's gone, it's
over, it's finished.

2172
01:54:00,460 --> 01:54:01,836
But that's not what happens.

2173
01:54:02,003 --> 01:54:04,130
And nothing makes it clearer

2174
01:54:04,297 --> 01:54:09,886
than debates over allowing
refugees in.

2175
01:54:10,053 --> 01:54:12,263
Narrator: When asked if their
country should now allow

2176
01:54:12,430 --> 01:54:15,683
more refugees than it had
before the war,

2177
01:54:15,850 --> 01:54:19,395
only 5% percent of Americans
said yes,

2178
01:54:19,562 --> 01:54:22,940
and more than a third said the
number should be fewer.

2179
01:54:23,107 --> 01:54:24,567
<i>A'</i>

2180
01:54:24,734 --> 01:54:29,489
Between the spring of 1945
and June of 1947,

2181
01:54:29,655 --> 01:54:31,240
because the United States

2182
01:54:31,407 --> 01:54:33,826
continued to enforce
its quota system,

2183
01:54:33,993 --> 01:54:39,123
fewer than 15,000 Jewish
refugees obtained visas.

2184
01:54:39,290 --> 01:54:41,709
Other countries were
no more welcoming.

2185
01:54:41,876 --> 01:54:43,169
<i>A'</i>

2186
01:54:43,336 --> 01:54:46,005
And Britain continued to
limit immigration

2187
01:54:46,172 --> 01:54:49,092
to Palestine until 1947

2188
01:54:49,258 --> 01:54:53,638
when it turned the region's fate
over to the United Nations.

2189
01:54:53,805 --> 01:54:57,308
The UN partitioned it between
Jews and Arabs

2190
01:54:57,475 --> 01:55:02,980
and legally and illegally as
many as 200,000 European Jews

2191
01:55:03,147 --> 01:55:05,608
made it to the contested land

2192
01:55:05,775 --> 01:55:10,196
that in 1948
became the State of Israel.

2193
01:55:10,363 --> 01:55:13,783
<i>A'</i>

2194
01:55:13,950 --> 01:55:18,079
Congress eventually loosened
its restrictions somewhat,

2195
01:55:18,246 --> 01:55:20,832
and by 1953 the United States

2196
01:55:20,998 --> 01:55:25,711
would accept some 80,000
Jewish survivors.

2197
01:55:25,878 --> 01:55:27,213
At the same time,

2198
01:55:27,380 --> 01:55:30,800
among the 170,000
Gentile refugees

2199
01:55:30,967 --> 01:55:34,053
also admitted were
some former Nazis

2200
01:55:34,220 --> 01:55:37,265
and those who had collaborated
with them,

2201
01:55:37,432 --> 01:55:40,435
welcomed during the new Cold War

2202
01:55:40,601 --> 01:55:43,396
because they were
anti-Communists.

2203
01:55:43,563 --> 01:55:44,897
<i>A'</i>

2204
01:55:45,064 --> 01:55:46,458
Man on newsreel: Here,
before a court

2205
01:55:46,482 --> 01:55:47,984
representing world civilization,

2206
01:55:48,151 --> 01:55:50,278
the Nazi hierarchy charged
with conspiracy

2207
01:55:50,445 --> 01:55:54,073
against peace and crimes against
humanity goes on trial.

2208
01:55:54,240 --> 01:55:55,908
Narrator: As the Allies
had promised,

2209
01:55:56,075 --> 01:55:59,579
Nazi leaders were put on trial
after the war,

2210
01:55:59,745 --> 01:56:04,417
the first international trial
for war crimes in history.

2211
01:56:04,584 --> 01:56:08,212
Like Hitler, Himmler and
Goebbels had killed themselves,

2212
01:56:08,379 --> 01:56:13,509
but some other high-ranking
co-conspirators were charged.

2213
01:56:13,676 --> 01:56:15,696
Man on newsreel: In the
courtroom, the dramatic entry

2214
01:56:15,720 --> 01:56:17,138
of the 8 judges and alternates

2215
01:56:17,305 --> 01:56:19,098
of the International
Military Tribunal.

2216
01:56:19,265 --> 01:56:22,518
After 10 months, the longest
criminal trial on record,

2217
01:56:22,685 --> 01:56:24,979
they're ready
to deliver the verdict.

2218
01:56:25,146 --> 01:56:28,149
Death for 11, prison for 7.

2219
01:56:28,316 --> 01:56:31,068
Justice has caught up with
the master criminals.

2220
01:56:31,235 --> 01:56:33,362
<i>A'</i>

2221
01:56:33,529 --> 01:56:35,406
The charges we have brought...

2222
01:56:35,573 --> 01:56:40,036
Narrator: There would be 11 more
trials over the next 3 years.

2223
01:56:40,203 --> 01:56:42,043
Of having committed crimes
against humanity.

2224
01:56:42,205 --> 01:56:45,208
Narrator: Benjamin Ferencz
led the prosecution

2225
01:56:45,374 --> 01:56:48,336
of <i>22</i> commanders of
the Einsatzgruppen,

2226
01:56:48,503 --> 01:56:51,589
using as evidence
their own reports

2227
01:56:51,756 --> 01:56:56,886
of mass killings of Jews in
the occupied Soviet Union.

2228
01:56:57,053 --> 01:56:59,305
Ferencz: I had never tried
a case in my life.

2229
01:56:59,472 --> 01:57:02,391
I had very seldom been
in a courtroom.

2230
01:57:02,558 --> 01:57:07,188
I had the proof in my hands,
a pile of documents.

2231
01:57:07,355 --> 01:57:09,899
And some of them were
very specific.

2232
01:57:10,066 --> 01:57:12,568
"Babi Yar, we murdered"...
I don't know...

2233
01:57:12,735 --> 01:57:16,489
"33,226 people in two days."

2234
01:57:16,656 --> 01:57:19,450
And they had it all,
and I began to add them up.

2235
01:57:19,617 --> 01:57:21,118
And when I reached a million,

2236
01:57:21,285 --> 01:57:24,539
I said, "That's enough.
That's enough."

2237
01:57:24,705 --> 01:57:27,250
Narrator: Before the war,
there had been no word

2238
01:57:27,416 --> 01:57:29,502
for the crime Nazi Germany

2239
01:57:29,669 --> 01:57:32,880
would commit against
the Jewish people.

2240
01:57:33,047 --> 01:57:35,007
Greene: So who gives it
a name?

2241
01:57:35,174 --> 01:57:39,512
Raphael Lemkin, a Polish-Jewish
refugee to the United States,

2242
01:57:39,679 --> 01:57:42,932
who loses 49 members of
his own family.

2243
01:57:43,099 --> 01:57:46,143
Narrator: The legal scholar
Raphael Lemkin argued

2244
01:57:46,310 --> 01:57:49,105
that a new legal framework,
and a new word,

2245
01:57:49,272 --> 01:57:51,941
were needed to hold the Nazis
accountable

2246
01:57:52,108 --> 01:57:53,693
for their pre-meditated

2247
01:57:53,859 --> 01:57:57,280
"destruction of a nation or of
an ethnic group."

2248
01:57:57,446 --> 01:57:59,282
He labored for a long time

2249
01:57:59,448 --> 01:58:02,201
trying to find just
the right word.

2250
01:58:02,368 --> 01:58:05,788
It combined "genos," the
ancient Greek word

2251
01:58:05,955 --> 01:58:07,957
for "race or tribe,"

2252
01:58:08,124 --> 01:58:12,837
with the Latin word
"cide," for killing.

2253
01:58:13,004 --> 01:58:15,756
Ferencz: Genocide,
the extermination

2254
01:58:15,923 --> 01:58:19,719
of whole categories of
human beings,

2255
01:58:19,885 --> 01:58:23,389
was a foremost instrument of
the Nazi doctrine.

2256
01:58:23,556 --> 01:58:28,436
I knew that genocide was not
listed as a crime in our statutes.

2257
01:58:28,603 --> 01:58:32,565
But I felt in
respect to my knowledge

2258
01:58:32,732 --> 01:58:35,735
of what Raphael Lemkin had been
trying to do,

2259
01:58:35,901 --> 01:58:38,237
I deliberately put that in.

2260
01:58:38,404 --> 01:58:39,864
In a manner shocking...

2261
01:58:40,031 --> 01:58:43,534
I also in my concluding remarks,

2262
01:58:43,701 --> 01:58:46,120
I said, "These defendants

2263
01:58:46,287 --> 01:58:49,749
"wrote the blackest page in
human history.

2264
01:58:49,915 --> 01:58:53,419
"Life was their toy and death
was their tool.

2265
01:58:53,586 --> 01:58:56,339
"If these men be immune,

2266
01:58:56,505 --> 01:58:59,383
"then law has lost its meaning

2267
01:58:59,550 --> 01:59:01,802
and we must all live in fear."

2268
01:59:01,969 --> 01:59:03,387
<i>A'</i>

2269
01:59:03,554 --> 01:59:06,474
And I... "the Prosecution
rests its case."

2270
01:59:06,641 --> 01:59:10,269
<i>A'</i>

2271
01:59:10,436 --> 01:59:14,565
Lipstadt: I think it takes many
years for America really

2272
01:59:14,732 --> 01:59:17,234
to step back and
fully understand

2273
01:59:17,401 --> 01:59:20,446
that this was
a war unlike any other,

2274
01:59:20,613 --> 01:59:23,366
this kind of state-sponsored
genocide

2275
01:59:23,532 --> 01:59:26,202
of such mega proportions.

2276
01:59:26,369 --> 01:59:29,955
That understanding
really won't happen

2277
01:59:30,122 --> 01:59:35,878
until 1961 and the trial of
Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem.

2278
01:59:36,045 --> 01:59:38,714
Narrator: SS Lieutenant
Colonel Adolf Eichmann

2279
01:59:38,881 --> 01:59:42,802
had overseen the deportation of
more than a million Jews

2280
01:59:42,968 --> 01:59:47,223
to ghettos and killing centers
in occupied Poland.

2281
01:59:47,390 --> 01:59:50,142
Israeli agents had captured him

2282
01:59:50,309 --> 01:59:52,478
from his hiding place
in Argentina

2283
01:59:52,645 --> 01:59:57,108
and brought him to Israel to
stand trial in 1961.

2284
01:59:57,274 --> 01:59:58,609
[Speaking forelgn language]

2285
01:59:58,776 --> 02:00:00,256
Translator: And they took
both of them

2286
02:00:00,403 --> 02:00:02,780
and the two others
and all 4 were shot

2287
02:00:02,947 --> 02:00:04,532
in the back of their head.

2288
02:00:04,699 --> 02:00:06,379
And the bullets
came out of their forehead.

2289
02:00:06,450 --> 02:00:10,538
Woman: I felt him
take the child from my arms.

2290
02:00:10,705 --> 02:00:16,001
The child cried out and was
shot immediately.

2291
02:00:16,168 --> 02:00:17,545
<i>A'</i>

2292
02:00:17,712 --> 02:00:21,340
Narrator: More than 100
survivors spoke.

2293
02:00:21,507 --> 02:00:24,802
Their testimony,
candid, harrowing,

2294
02:00:24,969 --> 02:00:27,096
and televised around the world,

2295
02:00:27,263 --> 02:00:30,683
gave millions of Americans
a deeper understanding

2296
02:00:30,850 --> 02:00:36,439
of the horror of what was now
being called the "Holocaust."

2297
02:00:36,605 --> 02:00:41,902
And poured kerosene
and petrol under those Jews

2298
02:00:42,069 --> 02:00:45,322
and set fire to all the Jews...

2299
02:00:45,489 --> 02:00:46,991
<i>A'</i>

2300
02:00:47,158 --> 02:00:49,410
While they were in
their prayer shawls...

2301
02:00:49,577 --> 02:00:51,203
holding their prayer books,

2302
02:00:51,370 --> 02:00:53,372
in supplication to God.

2303
02:00:59,545 --> 02:01:01,297
[Ship's horn blows]

2304
02:01:01,464 --> 02:01:03,108
Lyndon B. Johnson: This bill
that we will sign today

2305
02:01:03,132 --> 02:01:05,301
is not a revolutionary bill.

2306
02:01:05,468 --> 02:01:09,054
Yet it is still one of the most
important acts

2307
02:01:09,221 --> 02:01:14,018
of this Congress
and of this administration.

2308
02:01:14,185 --> 02:01:19,607
For it does repair a very deep
and painful flaw

2309
02:01:19,774 --> 02:01:22,401
in the fabric of
American justice.

2310
02:01:23,861 --> 02:01:28,532
It corrects a
cruel and enduring wrong

2311
02:01:28,699 --> 02:01:31,994
in the conduct of
the American Nation.

2312
02:01:32,161 --> 02:01:35,164
Narrator: In October 1965,

2313
02:01:35,331 --> 02:01:38,083
after more than 40 years of
dogged effort

2314
02:01:38,250 --> 02:01:41,128
by New York Congressman
Emanuel Celler,

2315
02:01:41,295 --> 02:01:45,508
Congress passed an immigration
bill that finally abolished

2316
02:01:45,674 --> 02:01:47,802
the discriminatory quota system

2317
02:01:47,968 --> 02:01:49,970
based on "national" origins

2318
02:01:50,137 --> 02:01:54,016
that had denied sanctuary to
so many desperate people

2319
02:01:54,183 --> 02:01:58,771
trying to flee Hitler in
the years before the War.

2320
02:01:58,938 --> 02:02:02,483
But the bill imposed limits on
people from the Americas,

2321
02:02:02,650 --> 02:02:03,984
who had gone back and forth

2322
02:02:04,151 --> 02:02:06,695
across the border
for generations,

2323
02:02:06,862 --> 02:02:09,490
and it still made no provisions

2324
02:02:09,657 --> 02:02:12,076
for most of the world's
refugees.

2325
02:02:12,243 --> 02:02:13,869
<i>A'</i>

2326
02:02:14,036 --> 02:02:15,996
The President of
the United States

2327
02:02:16,163 --> 02:02:20,876
held the signing ceremony
at the Statue of Liberty.

2328
02:02:21,043 --> 02:02:24,004
Johnson: This measure that we
will sign today

2329
02:02:24,171 --> 02:02:27,132
will really make us truer
to ourselves

2330
02:02:27,299 --> 02:02:31,178
both as a country
and as a people.

2331
02:02:31,345 --> 02:02:36,809
It will strengthen us in
a hundred unseen ways.

2332
02:02:36,976 --> 02:02:40,688
And today we can all believe
that the lamp

2333
02:02:40,855 --> 02:02:44,567
of this grand old lady is
brighter today

2334
02:02:44,733 --> 02:02:49,989
and the golden door that she
guards gleams more brilliantly

2335
02:02:50,155 --> 02:02:54,743
in the light
of an increased liberty

2336
02:02:54,910 --> 02:02:59,790
for the people from all
countries of the globe.

2337
02:02:59,957 --> 02:03:02,126
[Applause]

2338
02:03:02,293 --> 02:03:05,588
<i>A'</i>

2339
02:03:05,754 --> 02:03:10,175
Irvin Painter: Americans are now
coming to terms with our past.

2340
02:03:10,342 --> 02:03:11,802
<i>A'</i>

2341
02:03:11,969 --> 02:03:13,846
What we have over and over
and over again

2342
02:03:14,013 --> 02:03:17,141
in American history is on
the one hand,

2343
02:03:17,308 --> 02:03:22,521
this stream of white supremacy
and antisemitism.

2344
02:03:22,688 --> 02:03:26,233
It's a big stream, and it's
always there.

2345
02:03:26,400 --> 02:03:30,362
And sometimes it
bubbles up and it shocks us,

2346
02:03:30,529 --> 02:03:36,327
and it gets slapped down,
but the stream is always there,

2347
02:03:36,493 --> 02:03:38,662
and we should not be shocked,

2348
02:03:38,829 --> 02:03:41,373
we should not think,
this is not America.

2349
02:03:41,540 --> 02:03:44,126
It is.

2350
02:03:44,293 --> 02:03:47,212
Snyder: This thing that
people call white supremacy,

2351
02:03:47,379 --> 02:03:49,506
that's not some marginal thing.

2352
02:03:49,673 --> 02:03:51,467
You have to look back and say,

2353
02:03:51,634 --> 02:03:55,262
"How can we change so that
we really can be a republic,

2354
02:03:55,429 --> 02:03:57,890
or really can be a democracy?"

2355
02:03:58,057 --> 02:04:00,142
If we're going to be a country
in the future,

2356
02:04:00,309 --> 02:04:02,478
then we have to have a view of
our own history,

2357
02:04:02,645 --> 02:04:04,897
which allows us to see what
we were.

2358
02:04:05,064 --> 02:04:09,026
And we can become
something different.

2359
02:04:09,193 --> 02:04:11,153
And then we have to become
something different

2360
02:04:11,320 --> 02:04:13,030
if we're going to make it.

2361
02:04:13,197 --> 02:04:15,491
<i>A'</i>

2362
02:04:15,658 --> 02:04:17,409
Jeff Pegues:
2,400-word manifesto

2363
02:04:17,576 --> 02:04:20,955
is filled with hatred for
Blacks, Hispanics, Jews...

2364
02:04:21,121 --> 02:04:23,374
Woman: He wanted to start
a race war as you say...

2365
02:04:23,540 --> 02:04:27,419
Donald Trump: My first hour in
office, those people are gone.

2366
02:04:27,586 --> 02:04:30,756
These cultures are changing
us, we are not changing them.

2367
02:04:30,923 --> 02:04:33,008
Crowd chanting: You will not
replace us!

2368
02:04:33,175 --> 02:04:34,861
Stephanie Ramos: Hundreds of
white nationalists

2369
02:04:34,885 --> 02:04:37,012
storming the
University of Virginia.

2370
02:04:42,393 --> 02:04:44,561
Ellison Barber: We now know
one person has died

2371
02:04:44,728 --> 02:04:46,563
in addition to those 5 in
critical condition.

2372
02:04:46,730 --> 02:04:48,667
Lulu Garcia-Navarro: 11 Jewish
worshippers have been killed

2373
02:04:48,691 --> 02:04:50,150
at a synagogue in Pittsburgh.

2374
02:04:50,317 --> 02:04:52,236
A man has been charged
with hate crimes

2375
02:04:52,403 --> 02:04:54,113
and could face
the death penalty.

2376
02:04:54,279 --> 02:04:56,782
He was reportedly motivated by
conspiracy theories

2377
02:04:56,949 --> 02:04:59,159
about Jewish leaders
and immigration.

2378
02:04:59,326 --> 02:05:00,828
[Gunshots]

2379
02:05:00,995 --> 02:05:02,472
Chuck Todd: And we're trying to
figure out

2380
02:05:02,496 --> 02:05:04,039
what's happening on
the Senate floor.

2381
02:05:04,206 --> 02:05:06,086
Josh Letterman, tell us what's
going on outside.

2382
02:05:06,166 --> 02:05:07,936
Letterman: We are watching
a situation that has gotten

2383
02:05:07,960 --> 02:05:10,004
much and much more tense.

2384
02:05:10,170 --> 02:05:12,047
<i>A'</i>

2385
02:05:12,214 --> 02:05:13,632
Let's go!

2386
02:05:13,799 --> 02:05:17,302
[indistinct shouting]

2387
02:05:17,469 --> 02:05:18,887
[Crowd cheering]

2388
02:05:19,054 --> 02:05:21,306
Crowd: Treason! Treason!

2389
02:05:21,473 --> 02:05:25,853
Treason! Treason! Treason!
Treason!

2390
02:05:29,398 --> 02:05:32,317
The institutions of
our civilization

2391
02:05:32,484 --> 02:05:34,153
are under tremendous stress.

2392
02:05:34,319 --> 02:05:37,573
I'm not necessarily saying
they're gonna go

2393
02:05:37,740 --> 02:05:39,074
in the same direction,

2394
02:05:39,241 --> 02:05:40,801
but they could go
in the same direction,

2395
02:05:40,951 --> 02:05:43,287
because institutions
are just conventions,

2396
02:05:43,454 --> 02:05:46,373
and as soon as somebody says...
Flips a switch and says,

2397
02:05:46,540 --> 02:05:48,125
"Oh, it's OK
to shoot grandmothers

2398
02:05:48,292 --> 02:05:50,669
"in a cemetery on Sun...
You know, on a Saturday

2399
02:05:50,836 --> 02:05:53,839
and then go to church
on Sunday."

2400
02:05:54,006 --> 02:05:57,968
The fragility of
civilized behavior

2401
02:05:58,135 --> 02:06:00,763
is the one thing you
really learn.

2402
02:06:00,929 --> 02:06:04,433
'Cause these people who we now
see in these photographs,

2403
02:06:04,600 --> 02:06:07,519
these sepia photographs, and
they're receding into time,

2404
02:06:07,686 --> 02:06:12,024
they're no different,
no different from us.

2405
02:06:12,191 --> 02:06:15,027
You look at your neighbors,
the people at the dry cleaners,

2406
02:06:15,194 --> 02:06:16,904
the waiters in the restaurant.

2407
02:06:17,071 --> 02:06:19,740
That's who these people were.
Don't kid yourself.

2408
02:06:19,907 --> 02:06:22,409
<i>A'</i>

2409
02:06:22,576 --> 02:06:26,455
Stern: We have seen
the nadir of human behavior,

2410
02:06:26,622 --> 02:06:32,044
and we have no guarantee that
it won't recur.

2411
02:06:32,211 --> 02:06:36,465
If we can make that
clear and graphic

2412
02:06:36,632 --> 02:06:41,720
and understandable, not
as something to imitate,

2413
02:06:41,887 --> 02:06:47,309
but as a warning of what can
happen to human beings,

2414
02:06:47,476 --> 02:06:54,399
then, perhaps, we have one
shield against its recurrence.

2415
02:06:54,566 --> 02:06:56,568
[Bird squawks]

2416
02:07:00,614 --> 02:07:08,614
<i>A'</i>

2417
02:07:10,582 --> 02:07:18,582
<i>A'</i>

2418
02:07:20,592 --> 02:07:28,592
<i>A'</i>

2419
02:07:29,351 --> 02:07:37,351
<i>A'</i>

2420
02:07:39,361 --> 02:07:47,361
<i>A'</i>

2421
02:07:49,371 --> 02:07:57,371
<i>A'</i>

2422
02:07:58,881 --> 02:08:06,881
<i>A'</i>

2423
02:08:08,807 --> 02:08:16,807
<i>A'</i>

2424
02:08:18,817 --> 02:08:23,655
<i>A'</i>

2425
02:08:23,822 --> 02:08:28,744
<i>A'</i>

2426
02:08:28,911 --> 02:08:36,911
<i>A'</i>

2427
02:08:38,921 --> 02:08:46,921
<i>A'</i>

2428
02:08:48,931 --> 02:08:56,931
<i>A'</i>

2429
02:08:58,732 --> 02:09:06,732
<i>A'</i>

2430
02:09:08,700 --> 02:09:16,700
<i>A'</i>

2431
02:09:18,710 --> 02:09:26,710
<i>A'</i>

2432
02:09:27,970 --> 02:09:35,970
<i>A'</i>

2433
02:09:37,980 --> 02:09:42,818
<i>A'</i>

2434
02:09:49,700 --> 02:09:51,177
Announcer: Funding for
"The U.S. And the Holocaust"

2435
02:09:51,201 --> 02:09:52,601
was provided
by David M. Rubenstein,

2436
02:09:52,703 --> 02:09:53,846
invesfingin
people and institutions

2437
02:09:53,870 --> 02:09:55,288
that help us understand the past

2438
02:09:55,455 --> 02:09:56,873
and look to the future;

2439
02:09:57,040 --> 02:09:58,500
by the Park Foundation;

2440
02:09:58,667 --> 02:10:01,211
the Judy and Peter
Blum Kovler Foundation,

2441
02:10:01,378 --> 02:10:02,796
supporting those who remind us

2442
02:10:02,963 --> 02:10:05,382
about American history
and the Holocaust;

2443
02:10:05,549 --> 02:10:08,385
by Gilbert S. Omenn
and Martha A. Darling;

2444
02:10:08,552 --> 02:10:10,929
by the Arthur Vining Davis
Foundations,

2445
02:10:11,096 --> 02:10:13,181
investing in our common future;

2446
02:10:13,348 --> 02:10:16,101
and by these members of
the Better Angels Society:

2447
02:10:16,268 --> 02:10:18,395
Jeannie and Jonathan Lavine;

2448
02:10:18,562 --> 02:10:19,896
Jan and Rick Cohen;

2449
02:10:20,063 --> 02:10:21,732
Allan and Shelley Holt;

2450
02:10:21,898 --> 02:10:23,608
the Koret Foundation;

2451
02:10:23,775 --> 02:10:25,777
David and Susan Kreisman;

2452
02:10:25,944 --> 02:10:28,363
Jo Carole and Ronald S. Lauder;

2453
02:10:28,530 --> 02:10:30,866
the Fullerton Family
Charitable Fund;

2454
02:10:31,033 --> 02:10:32,784
the Blavatnik Family Foundation;

2455
02:10:32,951 --> 02:10:34,786
the Crown Family Philanthropies,

2456
02:10:34,953 --> 02:10:37,497
honoring members of
the Crown and Goodman families;

2457
02:10:37,664 --> 02:10:39,666
and by these additional members.

2458
02:10:42,294 --> 02:10:44,463
By the Corporation
for Public Broadcasting

2459
02:10:44,629 --> 02:10:47,299
and by viewers like you.

2460
02:10:47,466 --> 02:10:49,634
Corporate funding for
"The U.S. and the Holocaust"

2461
02:10:49,801 --> 02:10:52,137
was provided by Bank of America.